qemu

common.c (83728B)

---

 /*
  * generic functions used by VFIO devices
  *
  * Copyright Red Hat, Inc. 2012
  *
  * Authors:
  *  Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@redhat.com>
  *
  * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See
  * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
  *
  * Based on qemu-kvm device-assignment:
  *  Adapted for KVM by Qumranet.
  *  Copyright (c) 2007, Neocleus, Alex Novik (alex@neocleus.com)
  *  Copyright (c) 2007, Neocleus, Guy Zana (guy@neocleus.com)
  *  Copyright (C) 2008, Qumranet, Amit Shah (amit.shah@qumranet.com)
  *  Copyright (C) 2008, Red Hat, Amit Shah (amit.shah@redhat.com)
  *  Copyright (C) 2008, IBM, Muli Ben-Yehuda (muli@il.ibm.com)
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
 #include <linux/kvm.h>
 #endif
 #include <linux/vfio.h>
 
 #include "hw/vfio/vfio-common.h"
 #include "hw/vfio/vfio.h"
 #include "exec/address-spaces.h"
 #include "exec/memory.h"
 #include "exec/ram_addr.h"
 #include "hw/hw.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
 #include "qemu/range.h"
 #include "sysemu/kvm.h"
 #include "sysemu/reset.h"
 #include "sysemu/runstate.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "migration/migration.h"
 #include "sysemu/tpm.h"
 
 VFIOGroupList vfio_group_list =
     QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vfio_group_list);
 static QLIST_HEAD(, VFIOAddressSpace) vfio_address_spaces =
     QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vfio_address_spaces);
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
 /*
  * We have a single VFIO pseudo device per KVM VM.  Once created it lives
  * for the life of the VM.  Closing the file descriptor only drops our
  * reference to it and the device's reference to kvm.  Therefore once
  * initialized, this file descriptor is only released on QEMU exit and
  * we'll re-use it should another vfio device be attached before then.
  */
 static int vfio_kvm_device_fd = -1;
 #endif
 
 /*
  * Common VFIO interrupt disable
  */
 void vfio_disable_irqindex(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int index)
 {
     struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
         .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
         .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER,
         .index = index,
         .start = 0,
         .count = 0,
     };
 
     ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
 }
 
 void vfio_unmask_single_irqindex(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int index)
 {
     struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
         .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
         .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_UNMASK,
         .index = index,
         .start = 0,
         .count = 1,
     };
 
     ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
 }
 
 void vfio_mask_single_irqindex(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int index)
 {
     struct vfio_irq_set irq_set = {
         .argsz = sizeof(irq_set),
         .flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_NONE | VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_MASK,
         .index = index,
         .start = 0,
         .count = 1,
     };
 
     ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, &irq_set);
 }
 
 static inline const char *action_to_str(int action)
 {
     switch (action) {
     case VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_MASK:
         return "MASK";
     case VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_UNMASK:
         return "UNMASK";
     case VFIO_IRQ_SET_ACTION_TRIGGER:
         return "TRIGGER";
     default:
         return "UNKNOWN ACTION";
     }
 }
 
 static const char *index_to_str(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int index)
 {
     if (vbasedev->type != VFIO_DEVICE_TYPE_PCI) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
     switch (index) {
     case VFIO_PCI_INTX_IRQ_INDEX:
         return "INTX";
     case VFIO_PCI_MSI_IRQ_INDEX:
         return "MSI";
     case VFIO_PCI_MSIX_IRQ_INDEX:
         return "MSIX";
     case VFIO_PCI_ERR_IRQ_INDEX:
         return "ERR";
     case VFIO_PCI_REQ_IRQ_INDEX:
         return "REQ";
     default:
         return NULL;
     }
 }
 
 static int vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(VFIOContainer *container, bool state)
 {
     switch (container->iommu_type) {
     case VFIO_TYPE1v2_IOMMU:
     case VFIO_TYPE1_IOMMU:
         /*
          * We support coordinated discarding of RAM via the RamDiscardManager.
          */
         return ram_block_uncoordinated_discard_disable(state);
     default:
         /*
          * VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU most probably works just fine with
          * RamDiscardManager, however, it is completely untested.
          *
          * VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU with "DMA memory preregistering" does
          * completely the opposite of managing mapping/pinning dynamically as
          * required by RamDiscardManager. We would have to special-case sections
          * with a RamDiscardManager.
          */
         return ram_block_discard_disable(state);
     }
 }
 
 int vfio_set_irq_signaling(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int index, int subindex,
                            int action, int fd, Error **errp)
 {
     struct vfio_irq_set *irq_set;
     int argsz, ret = 0;
     const char *name;
     int32_t *pfd;
 
     argsz = sizeof(*irq_set) + sizeof(*pfd);
 
     irq_set = g_malloc0(argsz);
     irq_set->argsz = argsz;
     irq_set->flags = VFIO_IRQ_SET_DATA_EVENTFD | action;
     irq_set->index = index;
     irq_set->start = subindex;
     irq_set->count = 1;
     pfd = (int32_t *)&irq_set->data;
     *pfd = fd;
 
     if (ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS, irq_set)) {
         ret = -errno;
     }
     g_free(irq_set);
 
     if (!ret) {
         return 0;
     }
 
     error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS failure");
 
     name = index_to_str(vbasedev, index);
     if (name) {
         error_prepend(errp, "%s-%d: ", name, subindex);
     } else {
         error_prepend(errp, "index %d-%d: ", index, subindex);
     }
     error_prepend(errp,
                   "Failed to %s %s eventfd signaling for interrupt ",
                   fd < 0 ? "tear down" : "set up", action_to_str(action));
     return ret;
 }
 
 /*
  * IO Port/MMIO - Beware of the endians, VFIO is always little endian
  */
 void vfio_region_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
                        uint64_t data, unsigned size)
 {
     VFIORegion *region = opaque;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev = region->vbasedev;
     union {
         uint8_t byte;
         uint16_t word;
         uint32_t dword;
         uint64_t qword;
     } buf;
 
     switch (size) {
     case 1:
         buf.byte = data;
         break;
     case 2:
         buf.word = cpu_to_le16(data);
         break;
     case 4:
         buf.dword = cpu_to_le32(data);
         break;
     case 8:
         buf.qword = cpu_to_le64(data);
         break;
     default:
         hw_error("vfio: unsupported write size, %u bytes", size);
         break;
     }
 
     if (pwrite(vbasedev->fd, &buf, size, region->fd_offset + addr) != size) {
         error_report("%s(%s:region%d+0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", 0x%"PRIx64
                      ",%d) failed: %m",
                      __func__, vbasedev->name, region->nr,
                      addr, data, size);
     }
 
     trace_vfio_region_write(vbasedev->name, region->nr, addr, data, size);
 
     /*
      * A read or write to a BAR always signals an INTx EOI.  This will
      * do nothing if not pending (including not in INTx mode).  We assume
      * that a BAR access is in response to an interrupt and that BAR
      * accesses will service the interrupt.  Unfortunately, we don't know
      * which access will service the interrupt, so we're potentially
      * getting quite a few host interrupts per guest interrupt.
      */
     vbasedev->ops->vfio_eoi(vbasedev);
 }
 
 uint64_t vfio_region_read(void *opaque,
                           hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
 {
     VFIORegion *region = opaque;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev = region->vbasedev;
     union {
         uint8_t byte;
         uint16_t word;
         uint32_t dword;
         uint64_t qword;
     } buf;
     uint64_t data = 0;
 
     if (pread(vbasedev->fd, &buf, size, region->fd_offset + addr) != size) {
         error_report("%s(%s:region%d+0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %d) failed: %m",
                      __func__, vbasedev->name, region->nr,
                      addr, size);
         return (uint64_t)-1;
     }
     switch (size) {
     case 1:
         data = buf.byte;
         break;
     case 2:
         data = le16_to_cpu(buf.word);
         break;
     case 4:
         data = le32_to_cpu(buf.dword);
         break;
     case 8:
         data = le64_to_cpu(buf.qword);
         break;
     default:
         hw_error("vfio: unsupported read size, %u bytes", size);
         break;
     }
 
     trace_vfio_region_read(vbasedev->name, region->nr, addr, size, data);
 
     /* Same as write above */
     vbasedev->ops->vfio_eoi(vbasedev);
 
     return data;
 }
 
 const MemoryRegionOps vfio_region_ops = {
     .read = vfio_region_read,
     .write = vfio_region_write,
     .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
     .valid = {
         .min_access_size = 1,
         .max_access_size = 8,
     },
     .impl = {
         .min_access_size = 1,
         .max_access_size = 8,
     },
 };
 
 /*
  * Device state interfaces
  */
 
 bool vfio_mig_active(void)
 {
     VFIOGroup *group;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&vfio_group_list)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
         QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &group->device_list, next) {
             if (vbasedev->migration_blocker) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool vfio_devices_all_dirty_tracking(VFIOContainer *container)
 {
     VFIOGroup *group;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
     MigrationState *ms = migrate_get_current();
 
     if (!migration_is_setup_or_active(ms->state)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(group, &container->group_list, container_next) {
         QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &group->device_list, next) {
             VFIOMigration *migration = vbasedev->migration;
 
             if (!migration) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             if ((vbasedev->pre_copy_dirty_page_tracking == ON_OFF_AUTO_OFF)
                 && (migration->device_state & VFIO_DEVICE_STATE_V1_RUNNING)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool vfio_devices_all_running_and_saving(VFIOContainer *container)
 {
     VFIOGroup *group;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
     MigrationState *ms = migrate_get_current();
 
     if (!migration_is_setup_or_active(ms->state)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(group, &container->group_list, container_next) {
         QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &group->device_list, next) {
             VFIOMigration *migration = vbasedev->migration;
 
             if (!migration) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             if ((migration->device_state & VFIO_DEVICE_STATE_V1_SAVING) &&
                 (migration->device_state & VFIO_DEVICE_STATE_V1_RUNNING)) {
                 continue;
             } else {
                 return false;
             }
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 static int vfio_dma_unmap_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
                                  hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
                                  IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
 {
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_unmap *unmap;
     struct vfio_bitmap *bitmap;
     uint64_t pages = REAL_HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(size) / qemu_real_host_page_size();
     int ret;
 
     unmap = g_malloc0(sizeof(*unmap) + sizeof(*bitmap));
 
     unmap->argsz = sizeof(*unmap) + sizeof(*bitmap);
     unmap->iova = iova;
     unmap->size = size;
     unmap->flags |= VFIO_DMA_UNMAP_FLAG_GET_DIRTY_BITMAP;
     bitmap = (struct vfio_bitmap *)&unmap->data;
 
     /*
      * cpu_physical_memory_set_dirty_lebitmap() supports pages in bitmap of
      * qemu_real_host_page_size to mark those dirty. Hence set bitmap_pgsize
      * to qemu_real_host_page_size.
      */
 
     bitmap->pgsize = qemu_real_host_page_size();
     bitmap->size = ROUND_UP(pages, sizeof(__u64) * BITS_PER_BYTE) /
                    BITS_PER_BYTE;
 
     if (bitmap->size > container->max_dirty_bitmap_size) {
         error_report("UNMAP: Size of bitmap too big 0x%"PRIx64,
                      (uint64_t)bitmap->size);
         ret = -E2BIG;
         goto unmap_exit;
     }
 
     bitmap->data = g_try_malloc0(bitmap->size);
     if (!bitmap->data) {
         ret = -ENOMEM;
         goto unmap_exit;
     }
 
     ret = ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_UNMAP_DMA, unmap);
     if (!ret) {
         cpu_physical_memory_set_dirty_lebitmap((unsigned long *)bitmap->data,
                 iotlb->translated_addr, pages);
     } else {
         error_report("VFIO_UNMAP_DMA with DIRTY_BITMAP : %m");
     }
 
     g_free(bitmap->data);
 unmap_exit:
     g_free(unmap);
     return ret;
 }
 
 /*
  * DMA - Mapping and unmapping for the "type1" IOMMU interface used on x86
  */
 static int vfio_dma_unmap(VFIOContainer *container,
                           hwaddr iova, ram_addr_t size,
                           IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
 {
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_unmap unmap = {
         .argsz = sizeof(unmap),
         .flags = 0,
         .iova = iova,
         .size = size,
     };
 
     if (iotlb && container->dirty_pages_supported &&
         vfio_devices_all_running_and_saving(container)) {
         return vfio_dma_unmap_bitmap(container, iova, size, iotlb);
     }
 
     while (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_UNMAP_DMA, &unmap)) {
         /*
          * The type1 backend has an off-by-one bug in the kernel (71a7d3d78e3c
          * v4.15) where an overflow in its wrap-around check prevents us from
          * unmapping the last page of the address space.  Test for the error
          * condition and re-try the unmap excluding the last page.  The
          * expectation is that we've never mapped the last page anyway and this
          * unmap request comes via vIOMMU support which also makes it unlikely
          * that this page is used.  This bug was introduced well after type1 v2
          * support was introduced, so we shouldn't need to test for v1.  A fix
          * is queued for kernel v5.0 so this workaround can be removed once
          * affected kernels are sufficiently deprecated.
          */
         if (errno == EINVAL && unmap.size && !(unmap.iova + unmap.size) &&
             container->iommu_type == VFIO_TYPE1v2_IOMMU) {
             trace_vfio_dma_unmap_overflow_workaround();
             unmap.size -= 1ULL << ctz64(container->pgsizes);
             continue;
         }
         error_report("VFIO_UNMAP_DMA failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return -errno;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int vfio_dma_map(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr iova,
                         ram_addr_t size, void *vaddr, bool readonly)
 {
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dma_map map = {
         .argsz = sizeof(map),
         .flags = VFIO_DMA_MAP_FLAG_READ,
         .vaddr = (__u64)(uintptr_t)vaddr,
         .iova = iova,
         .size = size,
     };
 
     if (!readonly) {
         map.flags |= VFIO_DMA_MAP_FLAG_WRITE;
     }
 
     /*
      * Try the mapping, if it fails with EBUSY, unmap the region and try
      * again.  This shouldn't be necessary, but we sometimes see it in
      * the VGA ROM space.
      */
     if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0 ||
         (errno == EBUSY && vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, size, NULL) == 0 &&
          ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_MAP_DMA, &map) == 0)) {
         return 0;
     }
 
     error_report("VFIO_MAP_DMA failed: %s", strerror(errno));
     return -errno;
 }
 
 static void vfio_host_win_add(VFIOContainer *container,
                               hwaddr min_iova, hwaddr max_iova,
                               uint64_t iova_pgsizes)
 {
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
         if (ranges_overlap(hostwin->min_iova,
                            hostwin->max_iova - hostwin->min_iova + 1,
                            min_iova,
                            max_iova - min_iova + 1)) {
             hw_error("%s: Overlapped IOMMU are not enabled", __func__);
         }
     }
 
     hostwin = g_malloc0(sizeof(*hostwin));
 
     hostwin->min_iova = min_iova;
     hostwin->max_iova = max_iova;
     hostwin->iova_pgsizes = iova_pgsizes;
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->hostwin_list, hostwin, hostwin_next);
 }
 
 static int vfio_host_win_del(VFIOContainer *container, hwaddr min_iova,
                              hwaddr max_iova)
 {
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
         if (hostwin->min_iova == min_iova && hostwin->max_iova == max_iova) {
             QLIST_REMOVE(hostwin, hostwin_next);
             g_free(hostwin);
             return 0;
         }
     }
 
     return -1;
 }
 
 static bool vfio_listener_skipped_section(MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     return (!memory_region_is_ram(section->mr) &&
             !memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) ||
            memory_region_is_protected(section->mr) ||
            /*
             * Sizing an enabled 64-bit BAR can cause spurious mappings to
             * addresses in the upper part of the 64-bit address space.  These
             * are never accessed by the CPU and beyond the address width of
             * some IOMMU hardware.  TODO: VFIO should tell us the IOMMU width.
             */
            section->offset_within_address_space & (1ULL << 63);
 }
 
 /* Called with rcu_read_lock held.  */
 static bool vfio_get_xlat_addr(IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb, void **vaddr,
                                ram_addr_t *ram_addr, bool *read_only)
 {
     bool ret, mr_has_discard_manager;
 
     ret = memory_get_xlat_addr(iotlb, vaddr, ram_addr, read_only,
                                &mr_has_discard_manager);
     if (ret && mr_has_discard_manager) {
         /*
          * Malicious VMs might trigger discarding of IOMMU-mapped memory. The
          * pages will remain pinned inside vfio until unmapped, resulting in a
          * higher memory consumption than expected. If memory would get
          * populated again later, there would be an inconsistency between pages
          * pinned by vfio and pages seen by QEMU. This is the case until
          * unmapped from the IOMMU (e.g., during device reset).
          *
          * With malicious guests, we really only care about pinning more memory
          * than expected. RLIMIT_MEMLOCK set for the user/process can never be
          * exceeded and can be used to mitigate this problem.
          */
         warn_report_once("Using vfio with vIOMMUs and coordinated discarding of"
                          " RAM (e.g., virtio-mem) works, however, malicious"
                          " guests can trigger pinning of more memory than"
                          " intended via an IOMMU. It's possible to mitigate "
                          " by setting/adjusting RLIMIT_MEMLOCK.");
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 static void vfio_iommu_map_notify(IOMMUNotifier *n, IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
 {
     VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu = container_of(n, VFIOGuestIOMMU, n);
     VFIOContainer *container = giommu->container;
     hwaddr iova = iotlb->iova + giommu->iommu_offset;
     void *vaddr;
     int ret;
 
     trace_vfio_iommu_map_notify(iotlb->perm == IOMMU_NONE ? "UNMAP" : "MAP",
                                 iova, iova + iotlb->addr_mask);
 
     if (iotlb->target_as != &address_space_memory) {
         error_report("Wrong target AS \"%s\", only system memory is allowed",
                      iotlb->target_as->name ? iotlb->target_as->name : "none");
         return;
     }
 
     rcu_read_lock();
 
     if ((iotlb->perm & IOMMU_RW) != IOMMU_NONE) {
         bool read_only;
 
         if (!vfio_get_xlat_addr(iotlb, &vaddr, NULL, &read_only)) {
             goto out;
         }
         /*
          * vaddr is only valid until rcu_read_unlock(). But after
          * vfio_dma_map has set up the mapping the pages will be
          * pinned by the kernel. This makes sure that the RAM backend
          * of vaddr will always be there, even if the memory object is
          * destroyed and its backing memory munmap-ed.
          */
         ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iova,
                            iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr,
                            read_only);
         if (ret) {
             error_report("vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%m)",
                          container, iova,
                          iotlb->addr_mask + 1, vaddr, ret);
         }
     } else {
         ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1, iotlb);
         if (ret) {
             error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
                          container, iova,
                          iotlb->addr_mask + 1, ret);
         }
     }
 out:
     rcu_read_unlock();
 }
 
 static void vfio_ram_discard_notify_discard(RamDiscardListener *rdl,
                                             MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = container_of(rdl, VFIORamDiscardListener,
                                                 listener);
     const hwaddr size = int128_get64(section->size);
     const hwaddr iova = section->offset_within_address_space;
     int ret;
 
     /* Unmap with a single call. */
     ret = vfio_dma_unmap(vrdl->container, iova, size , NULL);
     if (ret) {
         error_report("%s: vfio_dma_unmap() failed: %s", __func__,
                      strerror(-ret));
     }
 }
 
 static int vfio_ram_discard_notify_populate(RamDiscardListener *rdl,
                                             MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = container_of(rdl, VFIORamDiscardListener,
                                                 listener);
     const hwaddr end = section->offset_within_region +
                        int128_get64(section->size);
     hwaddr start, next, iova;
     void *vaddr;
     int ret;
 
     /*
      * Map in (aligned within memory region) minimum granularity, so we can
      * unmap in minimum granularity later.
      */
     for (start = section->offset_within_region; start < end; start = next) {
         next = ROUND_UP(start + 1, vrdl->granularity);
         next = MIN(next, end);
 
         iova = start - section->offset_within_region +
                section->offset_within_address_space;
         vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(section->mr) + start;
 
         ret = vfio_dma_map(vrdl->container, iova, next - start,
                            vaddr, section->readonly);
         if (ret) {
             /* Rollback */
             vfio_ram_discard_notify_discard(rdl, section);
             return ret;
         }
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static void vfio_register_ram_discard_listener(VFIOContainer *container,
                                                MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     RamDiscardManager *rdm = memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(section->mr);
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl;
 
     /* Ignore some corner cases not relevant in practice. */
     g_assert(QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(section->offset_within_region, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE));
     g_assert(QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(section->offset_within_address_space,
                              TARGET_PAGE_SIZE));
     g_assert(QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(int128_get64(section->size), TARGET_PAGE_SIZE));
 
     vrdl = g_new0(VFIORamDiscardListener, 1);
     vrdl->container = container;
     vrdl->mr = section->mr;
     vrdl->offset_within_address_space = section->offset_within_address_space;
     vrdl->size = int128_get64(section->size);
     vrdl->granularity = ram_discard_manager_get_min_granularity(rdm,
                                                                 section->mr);
 
     g_assert(vrdl->granularity && is_power_of_2(vrdl->granularity));
     g_assert(container->pgsizes &&
              vrdl->granularity >= 1ULL << ctz64(container->pgsizes));
 
     ram_discard_listener_init(&vrdl->listener,
                               vfio_ram_discard_notify_populate,
                               vfio_ram_discard_notify_discard, true);
     ram_discard_manager_register_listener(rdm, &vrdl->listener, section);
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->vrdl_list, vrdl, next);
 
     /*
      * Sanity-check if we have a theoretically problematic setup where we could
      * exceed the maximum number of possible DMA mappings over time. We assume
      * that each mapped section in the same address space as a RamDiscardManager
      * section consumes exactly one DMA mapping, with the exception of
      * RamDiscardManager sections; i.e., we don't expect to have gIOMMU sections
      * in the same address space as RamDiscardManager sections.
      *
      * We assume that each section in the address space consumes one memslot.
      * We take the number of KVM memory slots as a best guess for the maximum
      * number of sections in the address space we could have over time,
      * also consuming DMA mappings.
      */
     if (container->dma_max_mappings) {
         unsigned int vrdl_count = 0, vrdl_mappings = 0, max_memslots = 512;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
         if (kvm_enabled()) {
             max_memslots = kvm_get_max_memslots();
         }
 #endif
 
         QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &container->vrdl_list, next) {
             hwaddr start, end;
 
             start = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(vrdl->offset_within_address_space,
                                     vrdl->granularity);
             end = ROUND_UP(vrdl->offset_within_address_space + vrdl->size,
                            vrdl->granularity);
             vrdl_mappings += (end - start) / vrdl->granularity;
             vrdl_count++;
         }
 
         if (vrdl_mappings + max_memslots - vrdl_count >
             container->dma_max_mappings) {
             warn_report("%s: possibly running out of DMA mappings. E.g., try"
                         " increasing the 'block-size' of virtio-mem devies."
                         " Maximum possible DMA mappings: %d, Maximum possible"
                         " memslots: %d", __func__, container->dma_max_mappings,
                         max_memslots);
         }
     }
 }
 
 static void vfio_unregister_ram_discard_listener(VFIOContainer *container,
                                                  MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     RamDiscardManager *rdm = memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(section->mr);
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = NULL;
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &container->vrdl_list, next) {
         if (vrdl->mr == section->mr &&
             vrdl->offset_within_address_space ==
             section->offset_within_address_space) {
             break;
         }
     }
 
     if (!vrdl) {
         hw_error("vfio: Trying to unregister missing RAM discard listener");
     }
 
     ram_discard_manager_unregister_listener(rdm, &vrdl->listener);
     QLIST_REMOVE(vrdl, next);
     g_free(vrdl);
 }
 
 static bool vfio_known_safe_misalignment(MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     MemoryRegion *mr = section->mr;
 
     if (!TPM_IS_CRB(mr->owner)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     /* this is a known safe misaligned region, just trace for debug purpose */
     trace_vfio_known_safe_misalignment(memory_region_name(mr),
                                        section->offset_within_address_space,
                                        section->offset_within_region,
                                        qemu_real_host_page_size());
     return true;
 }
 
 static void vfio_listener_region_add(MemoryListener *listener,
                                      MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
     hwaddr iova, end;
     Int128 llend, llsize;
     void *vaddr;
     int ret;
     VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
     bool hostwin_found;
     Error *err = NULL;
 
     if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
         trace_vfio_listener_region_add_skip(
                 section->offset_within_address_space,
                 section->offset_within_address_space +
                 int128_get64(int128_sub(section->size, int128_one())));
         return;
     }
 
     if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space &
                   ~qemu_real_host_page_mask()) !=
                  (section->offset_within_region & ~qemu_real_host_page_mask()))) {
         if (!vfio_known_safe_misalignment(section)) {
             error_report("%s received unaligned region %s iova=0x%"PRIx64
                          " offset_within_region=0x%"PRIx64
                          " qemu_real_host_page_size=0x%"PRIxPTR,
                          __func__, memory_region_name(section->mr),
                          section->offset_within_address_space,
                          section->offset_within_region,
                          qemu_real_host_page_size());
         }
         return;
     }
 
     iova = REAL_HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
     llend = int128_make64(section->offset_within_address_space);
     llend = int128_add(llend, section->size);
     llend = int128_and(llend, int128_exts64(qemu_real_host_page_mask()));
 
     if (int128_ge(int128_make64(iova), llend)) {
         if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
             trace_vfio_listener_region_add_no_dma_map(
                 memory_region_name(section->mr),
                 section->offset_within_address_space,
                 int128_getlo(section->size),
                 qemu_real_host_page_size());
         }
         return;
     }
     end = int128_get64(int128_sub(llend, int128_one()));
 
     if (container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU) {
         hwaddr pgsize = 0;
 
         /* For now intersections are not allowed, we may relax this later */
         QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
             if (ranges_overlap(hostwin->min_iova,
                                hostwin->max_iova - hostwin->min_iova + 1,
                                section->offset_within_address_space,
                                int128_get64(section->size))) {
                 error_setg(&err,
                     "region [0x%"PRIx64",0x%"PRIx64"] overlaps with existing"
                     "host DMA window [0x%"PRIx64",0x%"PRIx64"]",
                     section->offset_within_address_space,
                     section->offset_within_address_space +
                         int128_get64(section->size) - 1,
                     hostwin->min_iova, hostwin->max_iova);
                 goto fail;
             }
         }
 
         ret = vfio_spapr_create_window(container, section, &pgsize);
         if (ret) {
             error_setg_errno(&err, -ret, "Failed to create SPAPR window");
             goto fail;
         }
 
         vfio_host_win_add(container, section->offset_within_address_space,
                           section->offset_within_address_space +
                           int128_get64(section->size) - 1, pgsize);
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
         if (kvm_enabled()) {
             VFIOGroup *group;
             IOMMUMemoryRegion *iommu_mr = IOMMU_MEMORY_REGION(section->mr);
             struct kvm_vfio_spapr_tce param;
             struct kvm_device_attr attr = {
                 .group = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP,
                 .attr = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP_SET_SPAPR_TCE,
                 .addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)&param,
             };
 
             if (!memory_region_iommu_get_attr(iommu_mr, IOMMU_ATTR_SPAPR_TCE_FD,
                                               &param.tablefd)) {
                 QLIST_FOREACH(group, &container->group_list, container_next) {
                     param.groupfd = group->fd;
                     if (ioctl(vfio_kvm_device_fd, KVM_SET_DEVICE_ATTR, &attr)) {
                         error_report("vfio: failed to setup fd %d "
                                      "for a group with fd %d: %s",
                                      param.tablefd, param.groupfd,
                                      strerror(errno));
                         return;
                     }
                     trace_vfio_spapr_group_attach(param.groupfd, param.tablefd);
                 }
             }
         }
 #endif
     }
 
     hostwin_found = false;
     QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
         if (hostwin->min_iova <= iova && end <= hostwin->max_iova) {
             hostwin_found = true;
             break;
         }
     }
 
     if (!hostwin_found) {
         error_setg(&err, "Container %p can't map guest IOVA region"
                    " 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx"..0x%"HWADDR_PRIx, container, iova, end);
         goto fail;
     }
 
     memory_region_ref(section->mr);
 
     if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
         VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
         IOMMUMemoryRegion *iommu_mr = IOMMU_MEMORY_REGION(section->mr);
         int iommu_idx;
 
         trace_vfio_listener_region_add_iommu(iova, end);
         /*
          * FIXME: For VFIO iommu types which have KVM acceleration to
          * avoid bouncing all map/unmaps through qemu this way, this
          * would be the right place to wire that up (tell the KVM
          * device emulation the VFIO iommu handles to use).
          */
         giommu = g_malloc0(sizeof(*giommu));
         giommu->iommu_mr = iommu_mr;
         giommu->iommu_offset = section->offset_within_address_space -
                                section->offset_within_region;
         giommu->container = container;
         llend = int128_add(int128_make64(section->offset_within_region),
                            section->size);
         llend = int128_sub(llend, int128_one());
         iommu_idx = memory_region_iommu_attrs_to_index(iommu_mr,
                                                        MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED);
         iommu_notifier_init(&giommu->n, vfio_iommu_map_notify,
                             IOMMU_NOTIFIER_IOTLB_EVENTS,
                             section->offset_within_region,
                             int128_get64(llend),
                             iommu_idx);
 
         ret = memory_region_iommu_set_page_size_mask(giommu->iommu_mr,
                                                      container->pgsizes,
                                                      &err);
         if (ret) {
             g_free(giommu);
             goto fail;
         }
 
         ret = memory_region_register_iommu_notifier(section->mr, &giommu->n,
                                                     &err);
         if (ret) {
             g_free(giommu);
             goto fail;
         }
         QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->giommu_list, giommu, giommu_next);
         memory_region_iommu_replay(giommu->iommu_mr, &giommu->n);
 
         return;
     }
 
     /* Here we assume that memory_region_is_ram(section->mr)==true */
 
     /*
      * For RAM memory regions with a RamDiscardManager, we only want to map the
      * actually populated parts - and update the mapping whenever we're notified
      * about changes.
      */
     if (memory_region_has_ram_discard_manager(section->mr)) {
         vfio_register_ram_discard_listener(container, section);
         return;
     }
 
     vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(section->mr) +
             section->offset_within_region +
             (iova - section->offset_within_address_space);
 
     trace_vfio_listener_region_add_ram(iova, end, vaddr);
 
     llsize = int128_sub(llend, int128_make64(iova));
 
     if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
         hwaddr pgmask = (1ULL << ctz64(hostwin->iova_pgsizes)) - 1;
 
         if ((iova & pgmask) || (int128_get64(llsize) & pgmask)) {
             trace_vfio_listener_region_add_no_dma_map(
                 memory_region_name(section->mr),
                 section->offset_within_address_space,
                 int128_getlo(section->size),
                 pgmask + 1);
             return;
         }
     }
 
     ret = vfio_dma_map(container, iova, int128_get64(llsize),
                        vaddr, section->readonly);
     if (ret) {
         error_setg(&err, "vfio_dma_map(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                    "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", %p) = %d (%m)",
                    container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), vaddr, ret);
         if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
             /* Allow unexpected mappings not to be fatal for RAM devices */
             error_report_err(err);
             return;
         }
         goto fail;
     }
 
     return;
 
 fail:
     if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
         error_report("failed to vfio_dma_map. pci p2p may not work");
         return;
     }
     /*
      * On the initfn path, store the first error in the container so we
      * can gracefully fail.  Runtime, there's not much we can do other
      * than throw a hardware error.
      */
     if (!container->initialized) {
         if (!container->error) {
             error_propagate_prepend(&container->error, err,
                                     "Region %s: ",
                                     memory_region_name(section->mr));
         } else {
             error_free(err);
         }
     } else {
         error_report_err(err);
         hw_error("vfio: DMA mapping failed, unable to continue");
     }
 }
 
 static void vfio_listener_region_del(MemoryListener *listener,
                                      MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
     hwaddr iova, end;
     Int128 llend, llsize;
     int ret;
     bool try_unmap = true;
 
     if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
         trace_vfio_listener_region_del_skip(
                 section->offset_within_address_space,
                 section->offset_within_address_space +
                 int128_get64(int128_sub(section->size, int128_one())));
         return;
     }
 
     if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space &
                   ~qemu_real_host_page_mask()) !=
                  (section->offset_within_region & ~qemu_real_host_page_mask()))) {
         if (!vfio_known_safe_misalignment(section)) {
             error_report("%s received unaligned region %s iova=0x%"PRIx64
                          " offset_within_region=0x%"PRIx64
                          " qemu_real_host_page_size=0x%"PRIxPTR,
                          __func__, memory_region_name(section->mr),
                          section->offset_within_address_space,
                          section->offset_within_region,
                          qemu_real_host_page_size());
         }
         return;
     }
 
     if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
         VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
 
         QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
             if (MEMORY_REGION(giommu->iommu_mr) == section->mr &&
                 giommu->n.start == section->offset_within_region) {
                 memory_region_unregister_iommu_notifier(section->mr,
                                                         &giommu->n);
                 QLIST_REMOVE(giommu, giommu_next);
                 g_free(giommu);
                 break;
             }
         }
 
         /*
          * FIXME: We assume the one big unmap below is adequate to
          * remove any individual page mappings in the IOMMU which
          * might have been copied into VFIO. This works for a page table
          * based IOMMU where a big unmap flattens a large range of IO-PTEs.
          * That may not be true for all IOMMU types.
          */
     }
 
     iova = REAL_HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
     llend = int128_make64(section->offset_within_address_space);
     llend = int128_add(llend, section->size);
     llend = int128_and(llend, int128_exts64(qemu_real_host_page_mask()));
 
     if (int128_ge(int128_make64(iova), llend)) {
         return;
     }
     end = int128_get64(int128_sub(llend, int128_one()));
 
     llsize = int128_sub(llend, int128_make64(iova));
 
     trace_vfio_listener_region_del(iova, end);
 
     if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
         hwaddr pgmask;
         VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin;
         bool hostwin_found = false;
 
         QLIST_FOREACH(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next) {
             if (hostwin->min_iova <= iova && end <= hostwin->max_iova) {
                 hostwin_found = true;
                 break;
             }
         }
         assert(hostwin_found); /* or region_add() would have failed */
 
         pgmask = (1ULL << ctz64(hostwin->iova_pgsizes)) - 1;
         try_unmap = !((iova & pgmask) || (int128_get64(llsize) & pgmask));
     } else if (memory_region_has_ram_discard_manager(section->mr)) {
         vfio_unregister_ram_discard_listener(container, section);
         /* Unregistering will trigger an unmap. */
         try_unmap = false;
     }
 
     if (try_unmap) {
         if (int128_eq(llsize, int128_2_64())) {
             /* The unmap ioctl doesn't accept a full 64-bit span. */
             llsize = int128_rshift(llsize, 1);
             ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), NULL);
             if (ret) {
                 error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                              "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
                              container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), ret);
             }
             iova += int128_get64(llsize);
         }
         ret = vfio_dma_unmap(container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), NULL);
         if (ret) {
             error_report("vfio_dma_unmap(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
                          container, iova, int128_get64(llsize), ret);
         }
     }
 
     memory_region_unref(section->mr);
 
     if (container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU) {
         vfio_spapr_remove_window(container,
                                  section->offset_within_address_space);
         if (vfio_host_win_del(container,
                               section->offset_within_address_space,
                               section->offset_within_address_space +
                               int128_get64(section->size) - 1) < 0) {
             hw_error("%s: Cannot delete missing window at %"HWADDR_PRIx,
                      __func__, section->offset_within_address_space);
         }
     }
 }
 
 static void vfio_set_dirty_page_tracking(VFIOContainer *container, bool start)
 {
     int ret;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dirty_bitmap dirty = {
         .argsz = sizeof(dirty),
     };
 
     if (start) {
         dirty.flags = VFIO_IOMMU_DIRTY_PAGES_FLAG_START;
     } else {
         dirty.flags = VFIO_IOMMU_DIRTY_PAGES_FLAG_STOP;
     }
 
     ret = ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_DIRTY_PAGES, &dirty);
     if (ret) {
         error_report("Failed to set dirty tracking flag 0x%x errno: %d",
                      dirty.flags, errno);
     }
 }
 
 static void vfio_listener_log_global_start(MemoryListener *listener)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
 
     vfio_set_dirty_page_tracking(container, true);
 }
 
 static void vfio_listener_log_global_stop(MemoryListener *listener)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
 
     vfio_set_dirty_page_tracking(container, false);
 }
 
 static int vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container, uint64_t iova,
                                  uint64_t size, ram_addr_t ram_addr)
 {
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dirty_bitmap *dbitmap;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_dirty_bitmap_get *range;
     uint64_t pages;
     int ret;
 
     dbitmap = g_malloc0(sizeof(*dbitmap) + sizeof(*range));
 
     dbitmap->argsz = sizeof(*dbitmap) + sizeof(*range);
     dbitmap->flags = VFIO_IOMMU_DIRTY_PAGES_FLAG_GET_BITMAP;
     range = (struct vfio_iommu_type1_dirty_bitmap_get *)&dbitmap->data;
     range->iova = iova;
     range->size = size;
 
     /*
      * cpu_physical_memory_set_dirty_lebitmap() supports pages in bitmap of
      * qemu_real_host_page_size to mark those dirty. Hence set bitmap's pgsize
      * to qemu_real_host_page_size.
      */
     range->bitmap.pgsize = qemu_real_host_page_size();
 
     pages = REAL_HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(range->size) / qemu_real_host_page_size();
     range->bitmap.size = ROUND_UP(pages, sizeof(__u64) * BITS_PER_BYTE) /
                                          BITS_PER_BYTE;
     range->bitmap.data = g_try_malloc0(range->bitmap.size);
     if (!range->bitmap.data) {
         ret = -ENOMEM;
         goto err_out;
     }
 
     ret = ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_DIRTY_PAGES, dbitmap);
     if (ret) {
         error_report("Failed to get dirty bitmap for iova: 0x%"PRIx64
                 " size: 0x%"PRIx64" err: %d", (uint64_t)range->iova,
                 (uint64_t)range->size, errno);
         goto err_out;
     }
 
     cpu_physical_memory_set_dirty_lebitmap((unsigned long *)range->bitmap.data,
                                             ram_addr, pages);
 
     trace_vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(container->fd, range->iova, range->size,
                                 range->bitmap.size, ram_addr);
 err_out:
     g_free(range->bitmap.data);
     g_free(dbitmap);
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 typedef struct {
     IOMMUNotifier n;
     VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
 } vfio_giommu_dirty_notifier;
 
 static void vfio_iommu_map_dirty_notify(IOMMUNotifier *n, IOMMUTLBEntry *iotlb)
 {
     vfio_giommu_dirty_notifier *gdn = container_of(n,
                                                 vfio_giommu_dirty_notifier, n);
     VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu = gdn->giommu;
     VFIOContainer *container = giommu->container;
     hwaddr iova = iotlb->iova + giommu->iommu_offset;
     ram_addr_t translated_addr;
 
     trace_vfio_iommu_map_dirty_notify(iova, iova + iotlb->addr_mask);
 
     if (iotlb->target_as != &address_space_memory) {
         error_report("Wrong target AS \"%s\", only system memory is allowed",
                      iotlb->target_as->name ? iotlb->target_as->name : "none");
         return;
     }
 
     rcu_read_lock();
     if (vfio_get_xlat_addr(iotlb, NULL, &translated_addr, NULL)) {
         int ret;
 
         ret = vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(container, iova, iotlb->addr_mask + 1,
                                     translated_addr);
         if (ret) {
             error_report("vfio_iommu_map_dirty_notify(%p, 0x%"HWADDR_PRIx", "
                          "0x%"HWADDR_PRIx") = %d (%m)",
                          container, iova,
                          iotlb->addr_mask + 1, ret);
         }
     }
     rcu_read_unlock();
 }
 
 static int vfio_ram_discard_get_dirty_bitmap(MemoryRegionSection *section,
                                              void *opaque)
 {
     const hwaddr size = int128_get64(section->size);
     const hwaddr iova = section->offset_within_address_space;
     const ram_addr_t ram_addr = memory_region_get_ram_addr(section->mr) +
                                 section->offset_within_region;
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = opaque;
 
     /*
      * Sync the whole mapped region (spanning multiple individual mappings)
      * in one go.
      */
     return vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(vrdl->container, iova, size, ram_addr);
 }
 
 static int vfio_sync_ram_discard_listener_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
                                                    MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     RamDiscardManager *rdm = memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(section->mr);
     VFIORamDiscardListener *vrdl = NULL;
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(vrdl, &container->vrdl_list, next) {
         if (vrdl->mr == section->mr &&
             vrdl->offset_within_address_space ==
             section->offset_within_address_space) {
             break;
         }
     }
 
     if (!vrdl) {
         hw_error("vfio: Trying to sync missing RAM discard listener");
     }
 
     /*
      * We only want/can synchronize the bitmap for actually mapped parts -
      * which correspond to populated parts. Replay all populated parts.
      */
     return ram_discard_manager_replay_populated(rdm, section,
                                               vfio_ram_discard_get_dirty_bitmap,
                                                 &vrdl);
 }
 
 static int vfio_sync_dirty_bitmap(VFIOContainer *container,
                                   MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     ram_addr_t ram_addr;
 
     if (memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) {
         VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu;
 
         QLIST_FOREACH(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next) {
             if (MEMORY_REGION(giommu->iommu_mr) == section->mr &&
                 giommu->n.start == section->offset_within_region) {
                 Int128 llend;
                 vfio_giommu_dirty_notifier gdn = { .giommu = giommu };
                 int idx = memory_region_iommu_attrs_to_index(giommu->iommu_mr,
                                                        MEMTXATTRS_UNSPECIFIED);
 
                 llend = int128_add(int128_make64(section->offset_within_region),
                                    section->size);
                 llend = int128_sub(llend, int128_one());
 
                 iommu_notifier_init(&gdn.n,
                                     vfio_iommu_map_dirty_notify,
                                     IOMMU_NOTIFIER_MAP,
                                     section->offset_within_region,
                                     int128_get64(llend),
                                     idx);
                 memory_region_iommu_replay(giommu->iommu_mr, &gdn.n);
                 break;
             }
         }
         return 0;
     } else if (memory_region_has_ram_discard_manager(section->mr)) {
         return vfio_sync_ram_discard_listener_dirty_bitmap(container, section);
     }
 
     ram_addr = memory_region_get_ram_addr(section->mr) +
                section->offset_within_region;
 
     return vfio_get_dirty_bitmap(container,
                    REAL_HOST_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space),
                    int128_get64(section->size), ram_addr);
 }
 
 static void vfio_listener_log_sync(MemoryListener *listener,
         MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = container_of(listener, VFIOContainer, listener);
 
     if (vfio_listener_skipped_section(section) ||
         !container->dirty_pages_supported) {
         return;
     }
 
     if (vfio_devices_all_dirty_tracking(container)) {
         vfio_sync_dirty_bitmap(container, section);
     }
 }
 
 static const MemoryListener vfio_memory_listener = {
     .name = "vfio",
     .region_add = vfio_listener_region_add,
     .region_del = vfio_listener_region_del,
     .log_global_start = vfio_listener_log_global_start,
     .log_global_stop = vfio_listener_log_global_stop,
     .log_sync = vfio_listener_log_sync,
 };
 
 static void vfio_listener_release(VFIOContainer *container)
 {
     memory_listener_unregister(&container->listener);
     if (container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU) {
         memory_listener_unregister(&container->prereg_listener);
     }
 }
 
 static struct vfio_info_cap_header *
 vfio_get_cap(void *ptr, uint32_t cap_offset, uint16_t id)
 {
     struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
 
     for (hdr = ptr + cap_offset; hdr != ptr; hdr = ptr + hdr->next) {
         if (hdr->id == id) {
             return hdr;
         }
     }
 
     return NULL;
 }
 
 struct vfio_info_cap_header *
 vfio_get_region_info_cap(struct vfio_region_info *info, uint16_t id)
 {
     if (!(info->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_CAPS)) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
     return vfio_get_cap((void *)info, info->cap_offset, id);
 }
 
 static struct vfio_info_cap_header *
 vfio_get_iommu_type1_info_cap(struct vfio_iommu_type1_info *info, uint16_t id)
 {
     if (!(info->flags & VFIO_IOMMU_INFO_CAPS)) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
     return vfio_get_cap((void *)info, info->cap_offset, id);
 }
 
 struct vfio_info_cap_header *
 vfio_get_device_info_cap(struct vfio_device_info *info, uint16_t id)
 {
     if (!(info->flags & VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_CAPS)) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
     return vfio_get_cap((void *)info, info->cap_offset, id);
 }
 
 bool vfio_get_info_dma_avail(struct vfio_iommu_type1_info *info,
                              unsigned int *avail)
 {
     struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_info_dma_avail *cap;
 
     /* If the capability cannot be found, assume no DMA limiting */
     hdr = vfio_get_iommu_type1_info_cap(info,
                                         VFIO_IOMMU_TYPE1_INFO_DMA_AVAIL);
     if (hdr == NULL) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (avail != NULL) {
         cap = (void *) hdr;
         *avail = cap->avail;
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
 static int vfio_setup_region_sparse_mmaps(VFIORegion *region,
                                           struct vfio_region_info *info)
 {
     struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
     struct vfio_region_info_cap_sparse_mmap *sparse;
     int i, j;
 
     hdr = vfio_get_region_info_cap(info, VFIO_REGION_INFO_CAP_SPARSE_MMAP);
     if (!hdr) {
         return -ENODEV;
     }
 
     sparse = container_of(hdr, struct vfio_region_info_cap_sparse_mmap, header);
 
     trace_vfio_region_sparse_mmap_header(region->vbasedev->name,
                                          region->nr, sparse->nr_areas);
 
     region->mmaps = g_new0(VFIOMmap, sparse->nr_areas);
 
     for (i = 0, j = 0; i < sparse->nr_areas; i++) {
         if (sparse->areas[i].size) {
             trace_vfio_region_sparse_mmap_entry(i, sparse->areas[i].offset,
                                             sparse->areas[i].offset +
                                             sparse->areas[i].size - 1);
             region->mmaps[j].offset = sparse->areas[i].offset;
             region->mmaps[j].size = sparse->areas[i].size;
             j++;
         }
     }
 
     region->nr_mmaps = j;
     region->mmaps = g_realloc(region->mmaps, j * sizeof(VFIOMmap));
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 int vfio_region_setup(Object *obj, VFIODevice *vbasedev, VFIORegion *region,
                       int index, const char *name)
 {
     struct vfio_region_info *info;
     int ret;
 
     ret = vfio_get_region_info(vbasedev, index, &info);
     if (ret) {
         return ret;
     }
 
     region->vbasedev = vbasedev;
     region->flags = info->flags;
     region->size = info->size;
     region->fd_offset = info->offset;
     region->nr = index;
 
     if (region->size) {
         region->mem = g_new0(MemoryRegion, 1);
         memory_region_init_io(region->mem, obj, &vfio_region_ops,
                               region, name, region->size);
 
         if (!vbasedev->no_mmap &&
             region->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP) {
 
             ret = vfio_setup_region_sparse_mmaps(region, info);
 
             if (ret) {
                 region->nr_mmaps = 1;
                 region->mmaps = g_new0(VFIOMmap, region->nr_mmaps);
                 region->mmaps[0].offset = 0;
                 region->mmaps[0].size = region->size;
             }
         }
     }
 
     g_free(info);
 
     trace_vfio_region_setup(vbasedev->name, index, name,
                             region->flags, region->fd_offset, region->size);
     return 0;
 }
 
 static void vfio_subregion_unmap(VFIORegion *region, int index)
 {
     trace_vfio_region_unmap(memory_region_name(&region->mmaps[index].mem),
                             region->mmaps[index].offset,
                             region->mmaps[index].offset +
                             region->mmaps[index].size - 1);
     memory_region_del_subregion(region->mem, &region->mmaps[index].mem);
     munmap(region->mmaps[index].mmap, region->mmaps[index].size);
     object_unparent(OBJECT(&region->mmaps[index].mem));
     region->mmaps[index].mmap = NULL;
 }
 
 int vfio_region_mmap(VFIORegion *region)
 {
     int i, prot = 0;
     char *name;
 
     if (!region->mem) {
         return 0;
     }
 
     prot |= region->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ ? PROT_READ : 0;
     prot |= region->flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE ? PROT_WRITE : 0;
 
     for (i = 0; i < region->nr_mmaps; i++) {
         region->mmaps[i].mmap = mmap(NULL, region->mmaps[i].size, prot,
                                      MAP_SHARED, region->vbasedev->fd,
                                      region->fd_offset +
                                      region->mmaps[i].offset);
         if (region->mmaps[i].mmap == MAP_FAILED) {
             int ret = -errno;
 
             trace_vfio_region_mmap_fault(memory_region_name(region->mem), i,
                                          region->fd_offset +
                                          region->mmaps[i].offset,
                                          region->fd_offset +
                                          region->mmaps[i].offset +
                                          region->mmaps[i].size - 1, ret);
 
             region->mmaps[i].mmap = NULL;
 
             for (i--; i >= 0; i--) {
                 vfio_subregion_unmap(region, i);
             }
 
             return ret;
         }
 
         name = g_strdup_printf("%s mmaps[%d]",
                                memory_region_name(region->mem), i);
         memory_region_init_ram_device_ptr(&region->mmaps[i].mem,
                                           memory_region_owner(region->mem),
                                           name, region->mmaps[i].size,
                                           region->mmaps[i].mmap);
         g_free(name);
         memory_region_add_subregion(region->mem, region->mmaps[i].offset,
                                     &region->mmaps[i].mem);
 
         trace_vfio_region_mmap(memory_region_name(&region->mmaps[i].mem),
                                region->mmaps[i].offset,
                                region->mmaps[i].offset +
                                region->mmaps[i].size - 1);
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 void vfio_region_unmap(VFIORegion *region)
 {
     int i;
 
     if (!region->mem) {
         return;
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < region->nr_mmaps; i++) {
         if (region->mmaps[i].mmap) {
             vfio_subregion_unmap(region, i);
         }
     }
 }
 
 void vfio_region_exit(VFIORegion *region)
 {
     int i;
 
     if (!region->mem) {
         return;
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < region->nr_mmaps; i++) {
         if (region->mmaps[i].mmap) {
             memory_region_del_subregion(region->mem, &region->mmaps[i].mem);
         }
     }
 
     trace_vfio_region_exit(region->vbasedev->name, region->nr);
 }
 
 void vfio_region_finalize(VFIORegion *region)
 {
     int i;
 
     if (!region->mem) {
         return;
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < region->nr_mmaps; i++) {
         if (region->mmaps[i].mmap) {
             munmap(region->mmaps[i].mmap, region->mmaps[i].size);
             object_unparent(OBJECT(&region->mmaps[i].mem));
         }
     }
 
     object_unparent(OBJECT(region->mem));
 
     g_free(region->mem);
     g_free(region->mmaps);
 
     trace_vfio_region_finalize(region->vbasedev->name, region->nr);
 
     region->mem = NULL;
     region->mmaps = NULL;
     region->nr_mmaps = 0;
     region->size = 0;
     region->flags = 0;
     region->nr = 0;
 }
 
 void vfio_region_mmaps_set_enabled(VFIORegion *region, bool enabled)
 {
     int i;
 
     if (!region->mem) {
         return;
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < region->nr_mmaps; i++) {
         if (region->mmaps[i].mmap) {
             memory_region_set_enabled(&region->mmaps[i].mem, enabled);
         }
     }
 
     trace_vfio_region_mmaps_set_enabled(memory_region_name(region->mem),
                                         enabled);
 }
 
 void vfio_reset_handler(void *opaque)
 {
     VFIOGroup *group;
     VFIODevice *vbasedev;
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
         QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &group->device_list, next) {
             if (vbasedev->dev->realized) {
                 vbasedev->ops->vfio_compute_needs_reset(vbasedev);
             }
         }
     }
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
         QLIST_FOREACH(vbasedev, &group->device_list, next) {
             if (vbasedev->dev->realized && vbasedev->needs_reset) {
                 vbasedev->ops->vfio_hot_reset_multi(vbasedev);
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 static void vfio_kvm_device_add_group(VFIOGroup *group)
 {
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
     struct kvm_device_attr attr = {
         .group = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP,
         .attr = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP_ADD,
         .addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)&group->fd,
     };
 
     if (!kvm_enabled()) {
         return;
     }
 
     if (vfio_kvm_device_fd < 0) {
         struct kvm_create_device cd = {
             .type = KVM_DEV_TYPE_VFIO,
         };
 
         if (kvm_vm_ioctl(kvm_state, KVM_CREATE_DEVICE, &cd)) {
             error_report("Failed to create KVM VFIO device: %m");
             return;
         }
 
         vfio_kvm_device_fd = cd.fd;
     }
 
     if (ioctl(vfio_kvm_device_fd, KVM_SET_DEVICE_ATTR, &attr)) {
         error_report("Failed to add group %d to KVM VFIO device: %m",
                      group->groupid);
     }
 #endif
 }
 
 static void vfio_kvm_device_del_group(VFIOGroup *group)
 {
 #ifdef CONFIG_KVM
     struct kvm_device_attr attr = {
         .group = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP,
         .attr = KVM_DEV_VFIO_GROUP_DEL,
         .addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)&group->fd,
     };
 
     if (vfio_kvm_device_fd < 0) {
         return;
     }
 
     if (ioctl(vfio_kvm_device_fd, KVM_SET_DEVICE_ATTR, &attr)) {
         error_report("Failed to remove group %d from KVM VFIO device: %m",
                      group->groupid);
     }
 #endif
 }
 
 static VFIOAddressSpace *vfio_get_address_space(AddressSpace *as)
 {
     VFIOAddressSpace *space;
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(space, &vfio_address_spaces, list) {
         if (space->as == as) {
             return space;
         }
     }
 
     /* No suitable VFIOAddressSpace, create a new one */
     space = g_malloc0(sizeof(*space));
     space->as = as;
     QLIST_INIT(&space->containers);
 
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vfio_address_spaces, space, list);
 
     return space;
 }
 
 static void vfio_put_address_space(VFIOAddressSpace *space)
 {
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&space->containers)) {
         QLIST_REMOVE(space, list);
         g_free(space);
     }
 }
 
 /*
  * vfio_get_iommu_type - selects the richest iommu_type (v2 first)
  */
 static int vfio_get_iommu_type(VFIOContainer *container,
                                Error **errp)
 {
     int iommu_types[] = { VFIO_TYPE1v2_IOMMU, VFIO_TYPE1_IOMMU,
                           VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU, VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU };
     int i;
 
     for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(iommu_types); i++) {
         if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_CHECK_EXTENSION, iommu_types[i])) {
             return iommu_types[i];
         }
     }
     error_setg(errp, "No available IOMMU models");
     return -EINVAL;
 }
 
 static int vfio_init_container(VFIOContainer *container, int group_fd,
                                Error **errp)
 {
     int iommu_type, ret;
 
     iommu_type = vfio_get_iommu_type(container, errp);
     if (iommu_type < 0) {
         return iommu_type;
     }
 
     ret = ioctl(group_fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &container->fd);
     if (ret) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "Failed to set group container");
         return -errno;
     }
 
     while (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_SET_IOMMU, iommu_type)) {
         if (iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU) {
             /*
              * On sPAPR, despite the IOMMU subdriver always advertises v1 and
              * v2, the running platform may not support v2 and there is no
              * way to guess it until an IOMMU group gets added to the container.
              * So in case it fails with v2, try v1 as a fallback.
              */
             iommu_type = VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU;
             continue;
         }
         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "Failed to set iommu for container");
         return -errno;
     }
 
     container->iommu_type = iommu_type;
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int vfio_get_iommu_info(VFIOContainer *container,
                                struct vfio_iommu_type1_info **info)
 {
 
     size_t argsz = sizeof(struct vfio_iommu_type1_info);
 
     *info = g_new0(struct vfio_iommu_type1_info, 1);
 again:
     (*info)->argsz = argsz;
 
     if (ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_IOMMU_GET_INFO, *info)) {
         g_free(*info);
         *info = NULL;
         return -errno;
     }
 
     if (((*info)->argsz > argsz)) {
         argsz = (*info)->argsz;
         *info = g_realloc(*info, argsz);
         goto again;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static struct vfio_info_cap_header *
 vfio_get_iommu_info_cap(struct vfio_iommu_type1_info *info, uint16_t id)
 {
     struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
     void *ptr = info;
 
     if (!(info->flags & VFIO_IOMMU_INFO_CAPS)) {
         return NULL;
     }
 
     for (hdr = ptr + info->cap_offset; hdr != ptr; hdr = ptr + hdr->next) {
         if (hdr->id == id) {
             return hdr;
         }
     }
 
     return NULL;
 }
 
 static void vfio_get_iommu_info_migration(VFIOContainer *container,
                                          struct vfio_iommu_type1_info *info)
 {
     struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
     struct vfio_iommu_type1_info_cap_migration *cap_mig;
 
     hdr = vfio_get_iommu_info_cap(info, VFIO_IOMMU_TYPE1_INFO_CAP_MIGRATION);
     if (!hdr) {
         return;
     }
 
     cap_mig = container_of(hdr, struct vfio_iommu_type1_info_cap_migration,
                             header);
 
     /*
      * cpu_physical_memory_set_dirty_lebitmap() supports pages in bitmap of
      * qemu_real_host_page_size to mark those dirty.
      */
     if (cap_mig->pgsize_bitmap & qemu_real_host_page_size()) {
         container->dirty_pages_supported = true;
         container->max_dirty_bitmap_size = cap_mig->max_dirty_bitmap_size;
         container->dirty_pgsizes = cap_mig->pgsize_bitmap;
     }
 }
 
 static int vfio_connect_container(VFIOGroup *group, AddressSpace *as,
                                   Error **errp)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container;
     int ret, fd;
     VFIOAddressSpace *space;
 
     space = vfio_get_address_space(as);
 
     /*
      * VFIO is currently incompatible with discarding of RAM insofar as the
      * madvise to purge (zap) the page from QEMU's address space does not
      * interact with the memory API and therefore leaves stale virtual to
      * physical mappings in the IOMMU if the page was previously pinned.  We
      * therefore set discarding broken for each group added to a container,
      * whether the container is used individually or shared.  This provides
      * us with options to allow devices within a group to opt-in and allow
      * discarding, so long as it is done consistently for a group (for instance
      * if the device is an mdev device where it is known that the host vendor
      * driver will never pin pages outside of the working set of the guest
      * driver, which would thus not be discarding candidates).
      *
      * The first opportunity to induce pinning occurs here where we attempt to
      * attach the group to existing containers within the AddressSpace.  If any
      * pages are already zapped from the virtual address space, such as from
      * previous discards, new pinning will cause valid mappings to be
      * re-established.  Likewise, when the overall MemoryListener for a new
      * container is registered, a replay of mappings within the AddressSpace
      * will occur, re-establishing any previously zapped pages as well.
      *
      * Especially virtio-balloon is currently only prevented from discarding
      * new memory, it will not yet set ram_block_discard_set_required() and
      * therefore, neither stops us here or deals with the sudden memory
      * consumption of inflated memory.
      *
      * We do support discarding of memory coordinated via the RamDiscardManager
      * with some IOMMU types. vfio_ram_block_discard_disable() handles the
      * details once we know which type of IOMMU we are using.
      */
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(container, &space->containers, next) {
         if (!ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
             ret = vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(container, true);
             if (ret) {
                 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                                  "Cannot set discarding of RAM broken");
                 if (ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_UNSET_CONTAINER,
                           &container->fd)) {
                     error_report("vfio: error disconnecting group %d from"
                                  " container", group->groupid);
                 }
                 return ret;
             }
             group->container = container;
             QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->group_list, group, container_next);
             vfio_kvm_device_add_group(group);
             return 0;
         }
     }
 
     fd = qemu_open_old("/dev/vfio/vfio", O_RDWR);
     if (fd < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "failed to open /dev/vfio/vfio");
         ret = -errno;
         goto put_space_exit;
     }
 
     ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_GET_API_VERSION);
     if (ret != VFIO_API_VERSION) {
         error_setg(errp, "supported vfio version: %d, "
                    "reported version: %d", VFIO_API_VERSION, ret);
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto close_fd_exit;
     }
 
     container = g_malloc0(sizeof(*container));
     container->space = space;
     container->fd = fd;
     container->error = NULL;
     container->dirty_pages_supported = false;
     container->dma_max_mappings = 0;
     QLIST_INIT(&container->giommu_list);
     QLIST_INIT(&container->hostwin_list);
     QLIST_INIT(&container->vrdl_list);
 
     ret = vfio_init_container(container, group->fd, errp);
     if (ret) {
         goto free_container_exit;
     }
 
     ret = vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(container, true);
     if (ret) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Cannot set discarding of RAM broken");
         goto free_container_exit;
     }
 
     switch (container->iommu_type) {
     case VFIO_TYPE1v2_IOMMU:
     case VFIO_TYPE1_IOMMU:
     {
         struct vfio_iommu_type1_info *info;
 
         ret = vfio_get_iommu_info(container, &info);
         if (ret) {
             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to get VFIO IOMMU info");
             goto enable_discards_exit;
         }
 
         if (info->flags & VFIO_IOMMU_INFO_PGSIZES) {
             container->pgsizes = info->iova_pgsizes;
         } else {
             container->pgsizes = qemu_real_host_page_size();
         }
 
         if (!vfio_get_info_dma_avail(info, &container->dma_max_mappings)) {
             container->dma_max_mappings = 65535;
         }
         vfio_get_iommu_info_migration(container, info);
         g_free(info);
 
         /*
          * FIXME: We should parse VFIO_IOMMU_TYPE1_INFO_CAP_IOVA_RANGE
          * information to get the actual window extent rather than assume
          * a 64-bit IOVA address space.
          */
         vfio_host_win_add(container, 0, (hwaddr)-1, container->pgsizes);
 
         break;
     }
     case VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU:
     case VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_IOMMU:
     {
         struct vfio_iommu_spapr_tce_info info;
         bool v2 = container->iommu_type == VFIO_SPAPR_TCE_v2_IOMMU;
 
         /*
          * The host kernel code implementing VFIO_IOMMU_DISABLE is called
          * when container fd is closed so we do not call it explicitly
          * in this file.
          */
         if (!v2) {
             ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_IOMMU_ENABLE);
             if (ret) {
                 error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "failed to enable container");
                 ret = -errno;
                 goto enable_discards_exit;
             }
         } else {
             container->prereg_listener = vfio_prereg_listener;
 
             memory_listener_register(&container->prereg_listener,
                                      &address_space_memory);
             if (container->error) {
                 memory_listener_unregister(&container->prereg_listener);
                 ret = -1;
                 error_propagate_prepend(errp, container->error,
                     "RAM memory listener initialization failed: ");
                 goto enable_discards_exit;
             }
         }
 
         info.argsz = sizeof(info);
         ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_IOMMU_SPAPR_TCE_GET_INFO, &info);
         if (ret) {
             error_setg_errno(errp, errno,
                              "VFIO_IOMMU_SPAPR_TCE_GET_INFO failed");
             ret = -errno;
             if (v2) {
                 memory_listener_unregister(&container->prereg_listener);
             }
             goto enable_discards_exit;
         }
 
         if (v2) {
             container->pgsizes = info.ddw.pgsizes;
             /*
              * There is a default window in just created container.
              * To make region_add/del simpler, we better remove this
              * window now and let those iommu_listener callbacks
              * create/remove them when needed.
              */
             ret = vfio_spapr_remove_window(container, info.dma32_window_start);
             if (ret) {
                 error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                                  "failed to remove existing window");
                 goto enable_discards_exit;
             }
         } else {
             /* The default table uses 4K pages */
             container->pgsizes = 0x1000;
             vfio_host_win_add(container, info.dma32_window_start,
                               info.dma32_window_start +
                               info.dma32_window_size - 1,
                               0x1000);
         }
     }
     }
 
     vfio_kvm_device_add_group(group);
 
     QLIST_INIT(&container->group_list);
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&space->containers, container, next);
 
     group->container = container;
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&container->group_list, group, container_next);
 
     container->listener = vfio_memory_listener;
 
     memory_listener_register(&container->listener, container->space->as);
 
     if (container->error) {
         ret = -1;
         error_propagate_prepend(errp, container->error,
             "memory listener initialization failed: ");
         goto listener_release_exit;
     }
 
     container->initialized = true;
 
     return 0;
 listener_release_exit:
     QLIST_REMOVE(group, container_next);
     QLIST_REMOVE(container, next);
     vfio_kvm_device_del_group(group);
     vfio_listener_release(container);
 
 enable_discards_exit:
     vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(container, false);
 
 free_container_exit:
     g_free(container);
 
 close_fd_exit:
     close(fd);
 
 put_space_exit:
     vfio_put_address_space(space);
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 static void vfio_disconnect_container(VFIOGroup *group)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = group->container;
 
     QLIST_REMOVE(group, container_next);
     group->container = NULL;
 
     /*
      * Explicitly release the listener first before unset container,
      * since unset may destroy the backend container if it's the last
      * group.
      */
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&container->group_list)) {
         vfio_listener_release(container);
     }
 
     if (ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_UNSET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
         error_report("vfio: error disconnecting group %d from container",
                      group->groupid);
     }
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&container->group_list)) {
         VFIOAddressSpace *space = container->space;
         VFIOGuestIOMMU *giommu, *tmp;
         VFIOHostDMAWindow *hostwin, *next;
 
         QLIST_REMOVE(container, next);
 
         QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(giommu, &container->giommu_list, giommu_next, tmp) {
             memory_region_unregister_iommu_notifier(
                     MEMORY_REGION(giommu->iommu_mr), &giommu->n);
             QLIST_REMOVE(giommu, giommu_next);
             g_free(giommu);
         }
 
         QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(hostwin, &container->hostwin_list, hostwin_next,
                            next) {
             QLIST_REMOVE(hostwin, hostwin_next);
             g_free(hostwin);
         }
 
         trace_vfio_disconnect_container(container->fd);
         close(container->fd);
         g_free(container);
 
         vfio_put_address_space(space);
     }
 }
 
 VFIOGroup *vfio_get_group(int groupid, AddressSpace *as, Error **errp)
 {
     VFIOGroup *group;
     char path[32];
     struct vfio_group_status status = { .argsz = sizeof(status) };
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(group, &vfio_group_list, next) {
         if (group->groupid == groupid) {
             /* Found it.  Now is it already in the right context? */
             if (group->container->space->as == as) {
                 return group;
             } else {
                 error_setg(errp, "group %d used in multiple address spaces",
                            group->groupid);
                 return NULL;
             }
         }
     }
 
     group = g_malloc0(sizeof(*group));
 
     snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/dev/vfio/%d", groupid);
     group->fd = qemu_open_old(path, O_RDWR);
     if (group->fd < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "failed to open %s", path);
         goto free_group_exit;
     }
 
     if (ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_GET_STATUS, &status)) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "failed to get group %d status", groupid);
         goto close_fd_exit;
     }
 
     if (!(status.flags & VFIO_GROUP_FLAGS_VIABLE)) {
         error_setg(errp, "group %d is not viable", groupid);
         error_append_hint(errp,
                           "Please ensure all devices within the iommu_group "
                           "are bound to their vfio bus driver.\n");
         goto close_fd_exit;
     }
 
     group->groupid = groupid;
     QLIST_INIT(&group->device_list);
 
     if (vfio_connect_container(group, as, errp)) {
         error_prepend(errp, "failed to setup container for group %d: ",
                       groupid);
         goto close_fd_exit;
     }
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&vfio_group_list)) {
         qemu_register_reset(vfio_reset_handler, NULL);
     }
 
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vfio_group_list, group, next);
 
     return group;
 
 close_fd_exit:
     close(group->fd);
 
 free_group_exit:
     g_free(group);
 
     return NULL;
 }
 
 void vfio_put_group(VFIOGroup *group)
 {
     if (!group || !QLIST_EMPTY(&group->device_list)) {
         return;
     }
 
     if (!group->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
         vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(group->container, false);
     }
     vfio_kvm_device_del_group(group);
     vfio_disconnect_container(group);
     QLIST_REMOVE(group, next);
     trace_vfio_put_group(group->fd);
     close(group->fd);
     g_free(group);
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&vfio_group_list)) {
         qemu_unregister_reset(vfio_reset_handler, NULL);
     }
 }
 
 int vfio_get_device(VFIOGroup *group, const char *name,
                     VFIODevice *vbasedev, Error **errp)
 {
     struct vfio_device_info dev_info = { .argsz = sizeof(dev_info) };
     int ret, fd;
 
     fd = ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_GET_DEVICE_FD, name);
     if (fd < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "error getting device from group %d",
                          group->groupid);
         error_append_hint(errp,
                       "Verify all devices in group %d are bound to vfio-<bus> "
                       "or pci-stub and not already in use\n", group->groupid);
         return fd;
     }
 
     ret = ioctl(fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_INFO, &dev_info);
     if (ret) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, errno, "error getting device info");
         close(fd);
         return ret;
     }
 
     /*
      * Set discarding of RAM as not broken for this group if the driver knows
      * the device operates compatibly with discarding.  Setting must be
      * consistent per group, but since compatibility is really only possible
      * with mdev currently, we expect singleton groups.
      */
     if (vbasedev->ram_block_discard_allowed !=
         group->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
         if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&group->device_list)) {
             error_setg(errp, "Inconsistent setting of support for discarding "
                        "RAM (e.g., balloon) within group");
             close(fd);
             return -1;
         }
 
         if (!group->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
             group->ram_block_discard_allowed = true;
             vfio_ram_block_discard_disable(group->container, false);
         }
     }
 
     vbasedev->fd = fd;
     vbasedev->group = group;
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&group->device_list, vbasedev, next);
 
     vbasedev->num_irqs = dev_info.num_irqs;
     vbasedev->num_regions = dev_info.num_regions;
     vbasedev->flags = dev_info.flags;
 
     trace_vfio_get_device(name, dev_info.flags, dev_info.num_regions,
                           dev_info.num_irqs);
 
     vbasedev->reset_works = !!(dev_info.flags & VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_RESET);
     return 0;
 }
 
 void vfio_put_base_device(VFIODevice *vbasedev)
 {
     if (!vbasedev->group) {
         return;
     }
     QLIST_REMOVE(vbasedev, next);
     vbasedev->group = NULL;
     trace_vfio_put_base_device(vbasedev->fd);
     close(vbasedev->fd);
 }
 
 int vfio_get_region_info(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int index,
                          struct vfio_region_info **info)
 {
     size_t argsz = sizeof(struct vfio_region_info);
 
     *info = g_malloc0(argsz);
 
     (*info)->index = index;
 retry:
     (*info)->argsz = argsz;
 
     if (ioctl(vbasedev->fd, VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO, *info)) {
         g_free(*info);
         *info = NULL;
         return -errno;
     }
 
     if ((*info)->argsz > argsz) {
         argsz = (*info)->argsz;
         *info = g_realloc(*info, argsz);
 
         goto retry;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 int vfio_get_dev_region_info(VFIODevice *vbasedev, uint32_t type,
                              uint32_t subtype, struct vfio_region_info **info)
 {
     int i;
 
     for (i = 0; i < vbasedev->num_regions; i++) {
         struct vfio_info_cap_header *hdr;
         struct vfio_region_info_cap_type *cap_type;
 
         if (vfio_get_region_info(vbasedev, i, info)) {
             continue;
         }
 
         hdr = vfio_get_region_info_cap(*info, VFIO_REGION_INFO_CAP_TYPE);
         if (!hdr) {
             g_free(*info);
             continue;
         }
 
         cap_type = container_of(hdr, struct vfio_region_info_cap_type, header);
 
         trace_vfio_get_dev_region(vbasedev->name, i,
                                   cap_type->type, cap_type->subtype);
 
         if (cap_type->type == type && cap_type->subtype == subtype) {
             return 0;
         }
 
         g_free(*info);
     }
 
     *info = NULL;
     return -ENODEV;
 }
 
 bool vfio_has_region_cap(VFIODevice *vbasedev, int region, uint16_t cap_type)
 {
     struct vfio_region_info *info = NULL;
     bool ret = false;
 
     if (!vfio_get_region_info(vbasedev, region, &info)) {
         if (vfio_get_region_info_cap(info, cap_type)) {
             ret = true;
         }
         g_free(info);
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 /*
  * Interfaces for IBM EEH (Enhanced Error Handling)
  */
 static bool vfio_eeh_container_ok(VFIOContainer *container)
 {
     /*
      * As of 2016-03-04 (linux-4.5) the host kernel EEH/VFIO
      * implementation is broken if there are multiple groups in a
      * container.  The hardware works in units of Partitionable
      * Endpoints (== IOMMU groups) and the EEH operations naively
      * iterate across all groups in the container, without any logic
      * to make sure the groups have their state synchronized.  For
      * certain operations (ENABLE) that might be ok, until an error
      * occurs, but for others (GET_STATE) it's clearly broken.
      */
 
     /*
      * XXX Once fixed kernels exist, test for them here
      */
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&container->group_list)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (QLIST_NEXT(QLIST_FIRST(&container->group_list), container_next)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
 static int vfio_eeh_container_op(VFIOContainer *container, uint32_t op)
 {
     struct vfio_eeh_pe_op pe_op = {
         .argsz = sizeof(pe_op),
         .op = op,
     };
     int ret;
 
     if (!vfio_eeh_container_ok(container)) {
         error_report("vfio/eeh: EEH_PE_OP 0x%x: "
                      "kernel requires a container with exactly one group", op);
         return -EPERM;
     }
 
     ret = ioctl(container->fd, VFIO_EEH_PE_OP, &pe_op);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report("vfio/eeh: EEH_PE_OP 0x%x failed: %m", op);
         return -errno;
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 static VFIOContainer *vfio_eeh_as_container(AddressSpace *as)
 {
     VFIOAddressSpace *space = vfio_get_address_space(as);
     VFIOContainer *container = NULL;
 
     if (QLIST_EMPTY(&space->containers)) {
         /* No containers to act on */
         goto out;
     }
 
     container = QLIST_FIRST(&space->containers);
 
     if (QLIST_NEXT(container, next)) {
         /* We don't yet have logic to synchronize EEH state across
          * multiple containers */
         container = NULL;
         goto out;
     }
 
 out:
     vfio_put_address_space(space);
     return container;
 }
 
 bool vfio_eeh_as_ok(AddressSpace *as)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = vfio_eeh_as_container(as);
 
     return (container != NULL) && vfio_eeh_container_ok(container);
 }
 
 int vfio_eeh_as_op(AddressSpace *as, uint32_t op)
 {
     VFIOContainer *container = vfio_eeh_as_container(as);
 
     if (!container) {
         return -ENODEV;
     }
     return vfio_eeh_container_op(container, op);
 }