qemu

vmdk.c (100769B)

---

 /*
  * Block driver for the VMDK format
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2004 Fabrice Bellard
  * Copyright (c) 2005 Filip Navara
  *
  * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
  * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
  *
  * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
  * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  *
  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
  * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
  * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
  * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
 #include "qapi/error.h"
 #include "block/block_int.h"
 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
 #include "qapi/qmp/qdict.h"
 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/module.h"
 #include "qemu/option.h"
 #include "qemu/bswap.h"
 #include "qemu/memalign.h"
 #include "migration/blocker.h"
 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
 #include <zlib.h>
 
 #define VMDK3_MAGIC (('C' << 24) | ('O' << 16) | ('W' << 8) | 'D')
 #define VMDK4_MAGIC (('K' << 24) | ('D' << 16) | ('M' << 8) | 'V')
 #define VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE 1
 #define VMDK4_FLAG_NL_DETECT (1 << 0)
 #define VMDK4_FLAG_RGD (1 << 1)
 /* Zeroed-grain enable bit */
 #define VMDK4_FLAG_ZERO_GRAIN   (1 << 2)
 #define VMDK4_FLAG_COMPRESS (1 << 16)
 #define VMDK4_FLAG_MARKER (1 << 17)
 #define VMDK4_GD_AT_END 0xffffffffffffffffULL
 
 #define VMDK_EXTENT_MAX_SECTORS (1ULL << 32)
 
 #define VMDK_GTE_ZEROED 0x1
 
 /* VMDK internal error codes */
 #define VMDK_OK      0
 #define VMDK_ERROR   (-1)
 /* Cluster not allocated */
 #define VMDK_UNALLOC (-2)
 #define VMDK_ZEROED  (-3)
 
 #define BLOCK_OPT_ZEROED_GRAIN "zeroed_grain"
 #define BLOCK_OPT_TOOLSVERSION "toolsversion"
 
 typedef struct {
     uint32_t version;
     uint32_t flags;
     uint32_t disk_sectors;
     uint32_t granularity;
     uint32_t l1dir_offset;
     uint32_t l1dir_size;
     uint32_t file_sectors;
     uint32_t cylinders;
     uint32_t heads;
     uint32_t sectors_per_track;
 } QEMU_PACKED VMDK3Header;
 
 typedef struct {
     uint32_t version;
     uint32_t flags;
     uint64_t capacity;
     uint64_t granularity;
     uint64_t desc_offset;
     uint64_t desc_size;
     /* Number of GrainTableEntries per GrainTable */
     uint32_t num_gtes_per_gt;
     uint64_t rgd_offset;
     uint64_t gd_offset;
     uint64_t grain_offset;
     char filler[1];
     char check_bytes[4];
     uint16_t compressAlgorithm;
 } QEMU_PACKED VMDK4Header;
 
 typedef struct VMDKSESparseConstHeader {
     uint64_t magic;
     uint64_t version;
     uint64_t capacity;
     uint64_t grain_size;
     uint64_t grain_table_size;
     uint64_t flags;
     uint64_t reserved1;
     uint64_t reserved2;
     uint64_t reserved3;
     uint64_t reserved4;
     uint64_t volatile_header_offset;
     uint64_t volatile_header_size;
     uint64_t journal_header_offset;
     uint64_t journal_header_size;
     uint64_t journal_offset;
     uint64_t journal_size;
     uint64_t grain_dir_offset;
     uint64_t grain_dir_size;
     uint64_t grain_tables_offset;
     uint64_t grain_tables_size;
     uint64_t free_bitmap_offset;
     uint64_t free_bitmap_size;
     uint64_t backmap_offset;
     uint64_t backmap_size;
     uint64_t grains_offset;
     uint64_t grains_size;
     uint8_t pad[304];
 } QEMU_PACKED VMDKSESparseConstHeader;
 
 typedef struct VMDKSESparseVolatileHeader {
     uint64_t magic;
     uint64_t free_gt_number;
     uint64_t next_txn_seq_number;
     uint64_t replay_journal;
     uint8_t pad[480];
 } QEMU_PACKED VMDKSESparseVolatileHeader;
 
 #define L2_CACHE_SIZE 16
 
 typedef struct VmdkExtent {
     BdrvChild *file;
     bool flat;
     bool compressed;
     bool has_marker;
     bool has_zero_grain;
     bool sesparse;
     uint64_t sesparse_l2_tables_offset;
     uint64_t sesparse_clusters_offset;
     int32_t entry_size;
     int version;
     int64_t sectors;
     int64_t end_sector;
     int64_t flat_start_offset;
     int64_t l1_table_offset;
     int64_t l1_backup_table_offset;
     void *l1_table;
     uint32_t *l1_backup_table;
     unsigned int l1_size;
     uint32_t l1_entry_sectors;
 
     unsigned int l2_size;
     void *l2_cache;
     uint32_t l2_cache_offsets[L2_CACHE_SIZE];
     uint32_t l2_cache_counts[L2_CACHE_SIZE];
 
     int64_t cluster_sectors;
     int64_t next_cluster_sector;
     char *type;
 } VmdkExtent;
 
 typedef struct BDRVVmdkState {
     CoMutex lock;
     uint64_t desc_offset;
     bool cid_updated;
     bool cid_checked;
     uint32_t cid;
     uint32_t parent_cid;
     int num_extents;
     /* Extent array with num_extents entries, ascend ordered by address */
     VmdkExtent *extents;
     Error *migration_blocker;
     char *create_type;
 } BDRVVmdkState;
 
 typedef struct BDRVVmdkReopenState {
     bool *extents_using_bs_file;
 } BDRVVmdkReopenState;
 
 typedef struct VmdkMetaData {
     unsigned int l1_index;
     unsigned int l2_index;
     unsigned int l2_offset;
     bool new_allocation;
     uint32_t *l2_cache_entry;
 } VmdkMetaData;
 
 typedef struct VmdkGrainMarker {
     uint64_t lba;
     uint32_t size;
     uint8_t  data[];
 } QEMU_PACKED VmdkGrainMarker;
 
 enum {
     MARKER_END_OF_STREAM    = 0,
     MARKER_GRAIN_TABLE      = 1,
     MARKER_GRAIN_DIRECTORY  = 2,
     MARKER_FOOTER           = 3,
 };
 
 static int vmdk_probe(const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size, const char *filename)
 {
     uint32_t magic;
 
     if (buf_size < 4) {
         return 0;
     }
     magic = be32_to_cpu(*(uint32_t *)buf);
     if (magic == VMDK3_MAGIC ||
         magic == VMDK4_MAGIC) {
         return 100;
     } else {
         const char *p = (const char *)buf;
         const char *end = p + buf_size;
         while (p < end) {
             if (*p == '#') {
                 /* skip comment line */
                 while (p < end && *p != '\n') {
                     p++;
                 }
                 p++;
                 continue;
             }
             if (*p == ' ') {
                 while (p < end && *p == ' ') {
                     p++;
                 }
                 /* skip '\r' if windows line endings used. */
                 if (p < end && *p == '\r') {
                     p++;
                 }
                 /* only accept blank lines before 'version=' line */
                 if (p == end || *p != '\n') {
                     return 0;
                 }
                 p++;
                 continue;
             }
             if (end - p >= strlen("version=X\n")) {
                 if (strncmp("version=1\n", p, strlen("version=1\n")) == 0 ||
                     strncmp("version=2\n", p, strlen("version=2\n")) == 0 ||
                     strncmp("version=3\n", p, strlen("version=3\n")) == 0) {
                     return 100;
                 }
             }
             if (end - p >= strlen("version=X\r\n")) {
                 if (strncmp("version=1\r\n", p, strlen("version=1\r\n")) == 0 ||
                     strncmp("version=2\r\n", p, strlen("version=2\r\n")) == 0 ||
                     strncmp("version=3\r\n", p, strlen("version=3\r\n")) == 0) {
                     return 100;
                 }
             }
             return 0;
         }
         return 0;
     }
 }
 
 #define SECTOR_SIZE 512
 #define DESC_SIZE (20 * SECTOR_SIZE)    /* 20 sectors of 512 bytes each */
 #define BUF_SIZE 4096
 #define HEADER_SIZE 512                 /* first sector of 512 bytes */
 
 static void vmdk_free_extents(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     int i;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     VmdkExtent *e;
 
     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         e = &s->extents[i];
         g_free(e->l1_table);
         g_free(e->l2_cache);
         g_free(e->l1_backup_table);
         g_free(e->type);
         if (e->file != bs->file) {
             bdrv_unref_child(bs, e->file);
         }
     }
     g_free(s->extents);
 }
 
 static void vmdk_free_last_extent(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
 
     if (s->num_extents == 0) {
         return;
     }
     s->num_extents--;
     s->extents = g_renew(VmdkExtent, s->extents, s->num_extents);
 }
 
 /* Return -ve errno, or 0 on success and write CID into *pcid. */
 static int vmdk_read_cid(BlockDriverState *bs, int parent, uint32_t *pcid)
 {
     char *desc;
     uint32_t cid;
     const char *p_name, *cid_str;
     size_t cid_str_size;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
 
     desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE);
     ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, s->desc_offset, DESC_SIZE, desc, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto out;
     }
 
     if (parent) {
         cid_str = "parentCID";
         cid_str_size = sizeof("parentCID");
     } else {
         cid_str = "CID";
         cid_str_size = sizeof("CID");
     }
 
     desc[DESC_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
     p_name = strstr(desc, cid_str);
     if (p_name == NULL) {
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto out;
     }
     p_name += cid_str_size;
     if (sscanf(p_name, "%" SCNx32, &cid) != 1) {
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto out;
     }
     *pcid = cid;
     ret = 0;
 
 out:
     g_free(desc);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_write_cid(BlockDriverState *bs, uint32_t cid)
 {
     char *desc, *tmp_desc;
     char *p_name, *tmp_str;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret = 0;
 
     desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE);
     tmp_desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE);
     ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, s->desc_offset, DESC_SIZE, desc, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto out;
     }
 
     desc[DESC_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
     tmp_str = strstr(desc, "parentCID");
     if (tmp_str == NULL) {
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto out;
     }
 
     pstrcpy(tmp_desc, DESC_SIZE, tmp_str);
     p_name = strstr(desc, "CID");
     if (p_name != NULL) {
         p_name += sizeof("CID");
         snprintf(p_name, DESC_SIZE - (p_name - desc), "%" PRIx32 "\n", cid);
         pstrcat(desc, DESC_SIZE, tmp_desc);
     }
 
     ret = bdrv_pwrite_sync(bs->file, s->desc_offset, DESC_SIZE, desc, 0);
 
 out:
     g_free(desc);
     g_free(tmp_desc);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_is_cid_valid(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     uint32_t cur_pcid;
 
     if (!s->cid_checked && bs->backing) {
         BlockDriverState *p_bs = bs->backing->bs;
 
         if (strcmp(p_bs->drv->format_name, "vmdk")) {
             /* Backing file is not in vmdk format, so it does not have
              * a CID, which makes the overlay's parent CID invalid */
             return 0;
         }
 
         if (vmdk_read_cid(p_bs, 0, &cur_pcid) != 0) {
             /* read failure: report as not valid */
             return 0;
         }
         if (s->parent_cid != cur_pcid) {
             /* CID not valid */
             return 0;
         }
     }
     s->cid_checked = true;
     /* CID valid */
     return 1;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
                                BlockReopenQueue *queue, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s;
     BDRVVmdkReopenState *rs;
     int i;
 
     assert(state != NULL);
     assert(state->bs != NULL);
     assert(state->opaque == NULL);
 
     s = state->bs->opaque;
 
     rs = g_new0(BDRVVmdkReopenState, 1);
     state->opaque = rs;
 
     /*
      * Check whether there are any extents stored in bs->file; if bs->file
      * changes, we will need to update their .file pointers to follow suit
      */
     rs->extents_using_bs_file = g_new(bool, s->num_extents);
     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         rs->extents_using_bs_file[i] = s->extents[i].file == state->bs->file;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static void vmdk_reopen_clean(BDRVReopenState *state)
 {
     BDRVVmdkReopenState *rs = state->opaque;
 
     g_free(rs->extents_using_bs_file);
     g_free(rs);
     state->opaque = NULL;
 }
 
 static void vmdk_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *state)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = state->bs->opaque;
     BDRVVmdkReopenState *rs = state->opaque;
     int i;
 
     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         if (rs->extents_using_bs_file[i]) {
             s->extents[i].file = state->bs->file;
         }
     }
 
     vmdk_reopen_clean(state);
 }
 
 static void vmdk_reopen_abort(BDRVReopenState *state)
 {
     vmdk_reopen_clean(state);
 }
 
 static int vmdk_parent_open(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     char *p_name;
     char *desc;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
 
     desc = g_malloc0(DESC_SIZE + 1);
     ret = bdrv_pread(bs->file, s->desc_offset, DESC_SIZE, desc, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto out;
     }
 
     p_name = strstr(desc, "parentFileNameHint");
     if (p_name != NULL) {
         char *end_name;
 
         p_name += sizeof("parentFileNameHint") + 1;
         end_name = strchr(p_name, '\"');
         if (end_name == NULL) {
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto out;
         }
         if ((end_name - p_name) > sizeof(bs->auto_backing_file) - 1) {
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto out;
         }
 
         pstrcpy(bs->auto_backing_file, end_name - p_name + 1, p_name);
         pstrcpy(bs->backing_file, sizeof(bs->backing_file),
                 bs->auto_backing_file);
         pstrcpy(bs->backing_format, sizeof(bs->backing_format),
                 "vmdk");
     }
 
 out:
     g_free(desc);
     return ret;
 }
 
 /* Create and append extent to the extent array. Return the added VmdkExtent
  * address. return NULL if allocation failed. */
 static int vmdk_add_extent(BlockDriverState *bs,
                            BdrvChild *file, bool flat, int64_t sectors,
                            int64_t l1_offset, int64_t l1_backup_offset,
                            uint32_t l1_size,
                            int l2_size, uint64_t cluster_sectors,
                            VmdkExtent **new_extent,
                            Error **errp)
 {
     VmdkExtent *extent;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t nb_sectors;
 
     if (cluster_sectors > 0x200000) {
         /* 0x200000 * 512Bytes = 1GB for one cluster is unrealistic */
         error_setg(errp, "Invalid granularity, image may be corrupt");
         return -EFBIG;
     }
     if (l1_size > 32 * 1024 * 1024) {
         /*
          * Although with big capacity and small l1_entry_sectors, we can get a
          * big l1_size, we don't want unbounded value to allocate the table.
          * Limit it to 32M, which is enough to store:
          *     8TB  - for both VMDK3 & VMDK4 with
          *            minimal cluster size: 512B
          *            minimal L2 table size: 512 entries
          *            8 TB is still more than the maximal value supported for
          *            VMDK3 & VMDK4 which is 2TB.
          *     64TB - for "ESXi seSparse Extent"
          *            minimal cluster size: 512B (default is 4KB)
          *            L2 table size: 4096 entries (const).
          *            64TB is more than the maximal value supported for
          *            seSparse VMDKs (which is slightly less than 64TB)
          */
         error_setg(errp, "L1 size too big");
         return -EFBIG;
     }
 
     nb_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(file->bs);
     if (nb_sectors < 0) {
         return nb_sectors;
     }
 
     s->extents = g_renew(VmdkExtent, s->extents, s->num_extents + 1);
     extent = &s->extents[s->num_extents];
     s->num_extents++;
 
     memset(extent, 0, sizeof(VmdkExtent));
     extent->file = file;
     extent->flat = flat;
     extent->sectors = sectors;
     extent->l1_table_offset = l1_offset;
     extent->l1_backup_table_offset = l1_backup_offset;
     extent->l1_size = l1_size;
     extent->l1_entry_sectors = l2_size * cluster_sectors;
     extent->l2_size = l2_size;
     extent->cluster_sectors = flat ? sectors : cluster_sectors;
     extent->next_cluster_sector = ROUND_UP(nb_sectors, cluster_sectors);
     extent->entry_size = sizeof(uint32_t);
 
     if (s->num_extents > 1) {
         extent->end_sector = (*(extent - 1)).end_sector + extent->sectors;
     } else {
         extent->end_sector = extent->sectors;
     }
     bs->total_sectors = extent->end_sector;
     if (new_extent) {
         *new_extent = extent;
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_init_tables(BlockDriverState *bs, VmdkExtent *extent,
                             Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     size_t l1_size;
     int i;
 
     /* read the L1 table */
     l1_size = extent->l1_size * extent->entry_size;
     extent->l1_table = g_try_malloc(l1_size);
     if (l1_size && extent->l1_table == NULL) {
         return -ENOMEM;
     }
 
     ret = bdrv_pread(extent->file, extent->l1_table_offset, l1_size,
                      extent->l1_table, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         bdrv_refresh_filename(extent->file->bs);
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                          "Could not read l1 table from extent '%s'",
                          extent->file->bs->filename);
         goto fail_l1;
     }
     for (i = 0; i < extent->l1_size; i++) {
         if (extent->entry_size == sizeof(uint64_t)) {
             le64_to_cpus((uint64_t *)extent->l1_table + i);
         } else {
             assert(extent->entry_size == sizeof(uint32_t));
             le32_to_cpus((uint32_t *)extent->l1_table + i);
         }
     }
 
     if (extent->l1_backup_table_offset) {
         assert(!extent->sesparse);
         extent->l1_backup_table = g_try_malloc(l1_size);
         if (l1_size && extent->l1_backup_table == NULL) {
             ret = -ENOMEM;
             goto fail_l1;
         }
         ret = bdrv_pread(extent->file, extent->l1_backup_table_offset,
                          l1_size, extent->l1_backup_table, 0);
         if (ret < 0) {
             bdrv_refresh_filename(extent->file->bs);
             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                              "Could not read l1 backup table from extent '%s'",
                              extent->file->bs->filename);
             goto fail_l1b;
         }
         for (i = 0; i < extent->l1_size; i++) {
             le32_to_cpus(&extent->l1_backup_table[i]);
         }
     }
 
     extent->l2_cache =
         g_malloc(extent->entry_size * extent->l2_size * L2_CACHE_SIZE);
     return 0;
  fail_l1b:
     g_free(extent->l1_backup_table);
  fail_l1:
     g_free(extent->l1_table);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_open_vmfs_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                  BdrvChild *file,
                                  int flags, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     uint32_t magic;
     VMDK3Header header;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
 
     ret = bdrv_pread(file, sizeof(magic), sizeof(header), &header, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         bdrv_refresh_filename(file->bs);
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                          "Could not read header from file '%s'",
                          file->bs->filename);
         return ret;
     }
     ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, file, false,
                           le32_to_cpu(header.disk_sectors),
                           (int64_t)le32_to_cpu(header.l1dir_offset) << 9,
                           0,
                           le32_to_cpu(header.l1dir_size),
                           4096,
                           le32_to_cpu(header.granularity),
                           &extent,
                           errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
     ret = vmdk_init_tables(bs, extent, errp);
     if (ret) {
         /* free extent allocated by vmdk_add_extent */
         vmdk_free_last_extent(bs);
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 #define SESPARSE_CONST_HEADER_MAGIC UINT64_C(0x00000000cafebabe)
 #define SESPARSE_VOLATILE_HEADER_MAGIC UINT64_C(0x00000000cafecafe)
 
 /* Strict checks - format not officially documented */
 static int check_se_sparse_const_header(VMDKSESparseConstHeader *header,
                                         Error **errp)
 {
     header->magic = le64_to_cpu(header->magic);
     header->version = le64_to_cpu(header->version);
     header->grain_size = le64_to_cpu(header->grain_size);
     header->grain_table_size = le64_to_cpu(header->grain_table_size);
     header->flags = le64_to_cpu(header->flags);
     header->reserved1 = le64_to_cpu(header->reserved1);
     header->reserved2 = le64_to_cpu(header->reserved2);
     header->reserved3 = le64_to_cpu(header->reserved3);
     header->reserved4 = le64_to_cpu(header->reserved4);
 
     header->volatile_header_offset =
         le64_to_cpu(header->volatile_header_offset);
     header->volatile_header_size = le64_to_cpu(header->volatile_header_size);
 
     header->journal_header_offset = le64_to_cpu(header->journal_header_offset);
     header->journal_header_size = le64_to_cpu(header->journal_header_size);
 
     header->journal_offset = le64_to_cpu(header->journal_offset);
     header->journal_size = le64_to_cpu(header->journal_size);
 
     header->grain_dir_offset = le64_to_cpu(header->grain_dir_offset);
     header->grain_dir_size = le64_to_cpu(header->grain_dir_size);
 
     header->grain_tables_offset = le64_to_cpu(header->grain_tables_offset);
     header->grain_tables_size = le64_to_cpu(header->grain_tables_size);
 
     header->free_bitmap_offset = le64_to_cpu(header->free_bitmap_offset);
     header->free_bitmap_size = le64_to_cpu(header->free_bitmap_size);
 
     header->backmap_offset = le64_to_cpu(header->backmap_offset);
     header->backmap_size = le64_to_cpu(header->backmap_size);
 
     header->grains_offset = le64_to_cpu(header->grains_offset);
     header->grains_size = le64_to_cpu(header->grains_size);
 
     if (header->magic != SESPARSE_CONST_HEADER_MAGIC) {
         error_setg(errp, "Bad const header magic: 0x%016" PRIx64,
                    header->magic);
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
     if (header->version != 0x0000000200000001) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported version: 0x%016" PRIx64,
                    header->version);
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     if (header->grain_size != 8) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported grain size: %" PRIu64,
                    header->grain_size);
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     if (header->grain_table_size != 64) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported grain table size: %" PRIu64,
                    header->grain_table_size);
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     if (header->flags != 0) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported flags: 0x%016" PRIx64,
                    header->flags);
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     if (header->reserved1 != 0 || header->reserved2 != 0 ||
         header->reserved3 != 0 || header->reserved4 != 0) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported reserved bits:"
                    " 0x%016" PRIx64 " 0x%016" PRIx64
                    " 0x%016" PRIx64 " 0x%016" PRIx64,
                    header->reserved1, header->reserved2,
                    header->reserved3, header->reserved4);
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     /* check that padding is 0 */
     if (!buffer_is_zero(header->pad, sizeof(header->pad))) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported non-zero const header padding");
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int check_se_sparse_volatile_header(VMDKSESparseVolatileHeader *header,
                                            Error **errp)
 {
     header->magic = le64_to_cpu(header->magic);
     header->free_gt_number = le64_to_cpu(header->free_gt_number);
     header->next_txn_seq_number = le64_to_cpu(header->next_txn_seq_number);
     header->replay_journal = le64_to_cpu(header->replay_journal);
 
     if (header->magic != SESPARSE_VOLATILE_HEADER_MAGIC) {
         error_setg(errp, "Bad volatile header magic: 0x%016" PRIx64,
                    header->magic);
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
     if (header->replay_journal) {
         error_setg(errp, "Image is dirty, Replaying journal not supported");
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     /* check that padding is 0 */
     if (!buffer_is_zero(header->pad, sizeof(header->pad))) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported non-zero volatile header padding");
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_open_se_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                BdrvChild *file,
                                int flags, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     VMDKSESparseConstHeader const_header;
     VMDKSESparseVolatileHeader volatile_header;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
 
     ret = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs,
             "No write support for seSparse images available", errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
 
     assert(sizeof(const_header) == SECTOR_SIZE);
 
     ret = bdrv_pread(file, 0, sizeof(const_header), &const_header, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         bdrv_refresh_filename(file->bs);
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                          "Could not read const header from file '%s'",
                          file->bs->filename);
         return ret;
     }
 
     /* check const header */
     ret = check_se_sparse_const_header(&const_header, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
 
     assert(sizeof(volatile_header) == SECTOR_SIZE);
 
     ret = bdrv_pread(file, const_header.volatile_header_offset * SECTOR_SIZE,
                      sizeof(volatile_header), &volatile_header, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         bdrv_refresh_filename(file->bs);
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                          "Could not read volatile header from file '%s'",
                          file->bs->filename);
         return ret;
     }
 
     /* check volatile header */
     ret = check_se_sparse_volatile_header(&volatile_header, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
 
     ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, file, false,
                           const_header.capacity,
                           const_header.grain_dir_offset * SECTOR_SIZE,
                           0,
                           const_header.grain_dir_size *
                           SECTOR_SIZE / sizeof(uint64_t),
                           const_header.grain_table_size *
                           SECTOR_SIZE / sizeof(uint64_t),
                           const_header.grain_size,
                           &extent,
                           errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
 
     extent->sesparse = true;
     extent->sesparse_l2_tables_offset = const_header.grain_tables_offset;
     extent->sesparse_clusters_offset = const_header.grains_offset;
     extent->entry_size = sizeof(uint64_t);
 
     ret = vmdk_init_tables(bs, extent, errp);
     if (ret) {
         /* free extent allocated by vmdk_add_extent */
         vmdk_free_last_extent(bs);
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_open_desc_file(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags, char *buf,
                                QDict *options, Error **errp);
 
 static char *vmdk_read_desc(BdrvChild *file, uint64_t desc_offset, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t size;
     char *buf;
     int ret;
 
     size = bdrv_getlength(file->bs);
     if (size < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -size, "Could not access file");
         return NULL;
     }
 
     if (size < 4) {
         /* Both descriptor file and sparse image must be much larger than 4
          * bytes, also callers of vmdk_read_desc want to compare the first 4
          * bytes with VMDK4_MAGIC, let's error out if less is read. */
         error_setg(errp, "File is too small, not a valid image");
         return NULL;
     }
 
     size = MIN(size, (1 << 20) - 1);  /* avoid unbounded allocation */
     buf = g_malloc(size + 1);
 
     ret = bdrv_pread(file, desc_offset, size, buf, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not read from file");
         g_free(buf);
         return NULL;
     }
     buf[size] = 0;
 
     return buf;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_open_vmdk4(BlockDriverState *bs,
                            BdrvChild *file,
                            int flags, QDict *options, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     uint32_t magic;
     uint32_t l1_size, l1_entry_sectors;
     VMDK4Header header;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t l1_backup_offset = 0;
     bool compressed;
 
     ret = bdrv_pread(file, sizeof(magic), sizeof(header), &header, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         bdrv_refresh_filename(file->bs);
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret,
                          "Could not read header from file '%s'",
                          file->bs->filename);
         return -EINVAL;
     }
     if (header.capacity == 0) {
         uint64_t desc_offset = le64_to_cpu(header.desc_offset);
         if (desc_offset) {
             char *buf = vmdk_read_desc(file, desc_offset << 9, errp);
             if (!buf) {
                 return -EINVAL;
             }
             ret = vmdk_open_desc_file(bs, flags, buf, options, errp);
             g_free(buf);
             return ret;
         }
     }
 
     if (!s->create_type) {
         s->create_type = g_strdup("monolithicSparse");
     }
 
     if (le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) == VMDK4_GD_AT_END) {
         /*
          * The footer takes precedence over the header, so read it in. The
          * footer starts at offset -1024 from the end: One sector for the
          * footer, and another one for the end-of-stream marker.
          */
         struct {
             struct {
                 uint64_t val;
                 uint32_t size;
                 uint32_t type;
                 uint8_t pad[512 - 16];
             } QEMU_PACKED footer_marker;
 
             uint32_t magic;
             VMDK4Header header;
             uint8_t pad[512 - 4 - sizeof(VMDK4Header)];
 
             struct {
                 uint64_t val;
                 uint32_t size;
                 uint32_t type;
                 uint8_t pad[512 - 16];
             } QEMU_PACKED eos_marker;
         } QEMU_PACKED footer;
 
         ret = bdrv_pread(file, bs->file->bs->total_sectors * 512 - 1536,
                          sizeof(footer), &footer, 0);
         if (ret < 0) {
             error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Failed to read footer");
             return ret;
         }
 
         /* Some sanity checks for the footer */
         if (be32_to_cpu(footer.magic) != VMDK4_MAGIC ||
             le32_to_cpu(footer.footer_marker.size) != 0  ||
             le32_to_cpu(footer.footer_marker.type) != MARKER_FOOTER ||
             le64_to_cpu(footer.eos_marker.val) != 0  ||
             le32_to_cpu(footer.eos_marker.size) != 0  ||
             le32_to_cpu(footer.eos_marker.type) != MARKER_END_OF_STREAM)
         {
             error_setg(errp, "Invalid footer");
             return -EINVAL;
         }
 
         header = footer.header;
     }
 
     compressed =
         le16_to_cpu(header.compressAlgorithm) == VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE;
     if (le32_to_cpu(header.version) > 3) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported VMDK version %" PRIu32,
                    le32_to_cpu(header.version));
         return -ENOTSUP;
     } else if (le32_to_cpu(header.version) == 3 && (flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) &&
                !compressed) {
         /* VMware KB 2064959 explains that version 3 added support for
          * persistent changed block tracking (CBT), and backup software can
          * read it as version=1 if it doesn't care about the changed area
          * information. So we are safe to enable read only. */
         error_setg(errp, "VMDK version 3 must be read only");
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
     if (le32_to_cpu(header.num_gtes_per_gt) > 512) {
         error_setg(errp, "L2 table size too big");
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
     l1_entry_sectors = le32_to_cpu(header.num_gtes_per_gt)
                         * le64_to_cpu(header.granularity);
     if (l1_entry_sectors == 0) {
         error_setg(errp, "L1 entry size is invalid");
         return -EINVAL;
     }
     l1_size = (le64_to_cpu(header.capacity) + l1_entry_sectors - 1)
                 / l1_entry_sectors;
     if (le32_to_cpu(header.flags) & VMDK4_FLAG_RGD) {
         l1_backup_offset = le64_to_cpu(header.rgd_offset) << 9;
     }
     if (bdrv_nb_sectors(file->bs) < le64_to_cpu(header.grain_offset)) {
         error_setg(errp, "File truncated, expecting at least %" PRId64 " bytes",
                    (int64_t)(le64_to_cpu(header.grain_offset)
                              * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE));
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
     ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, file, false,
                           le64_to_cpu(header.capacity),
                           le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) << 9,
                           l1_backup_offset,
                           l1_size,
                           le32_to_cpu(header.num_gtes_per_gt),
                           le64_to_cpu(header.granularity),
                           &extent,
                           errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
     extent->compressed =
         le16_to_cpu(header.compressAlgorithm) == VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE;
     if (extent->compressed) {
         g_free(s->create_type);
         s->create_type = g_strdup("streamOptimized");
     }
     extent->has_marker = le32_to_cpu(header.flags) & VMDK4_FLAG_MARKER;
     extent->version = le32_to_cpu(header.version);
     extent->has_zero_grain = le32_to_cpu(header.flags) & VMDK4_FLAG_ZERO_GRAIN;
     ret = vmdk_init_tables(bs, extent, errp);
     if (ret) {
         /* free extent allocated by vmdk_add_extent */
         vmdk_free_last_extent(bs);
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 /* find an option value out of descriptor file */
 static int vmdk_parse_description(const char *desc, const char *opt_name,
         char *buf, int buf_size)
 {
     char *opt_pos, *opt_end;
     const char *end = desc + strlen(desc);
 
     opt_pos = strstr(desc, opt_name);
     if (!opt_pos) {
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
     /* Skip "=\"" following opt_name */
     opt_pos += strlen(opt_name) + 2;
     if (opt_pos >= end) {
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
     opt_end = opt_pos;
     while (opt_end < end && *opt_end != '"') {
         opt_end++;
     }
     if (opt_end == end || buf_size < opt_end - opt_pos + 1) {
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
     pstrcpy(buf, opt_end - opt_pos + 1, opt_pos);
     return VMDK_OK;
 }
 
 /* Open an extent file and append to bs array */
 static int vmdk_open_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file, int flags,
                             char *buf, QDict *options, Error **errp)
 {
     uint32_t magic;
 
     magic = ldl_be_p(buf);
     switch (magic) {
         case VMDK3_MAGIC:
             return vmdk_open_vmfs_sparse(bs, file, flags, errp);
         case VMDK4_MAGIC:
             return vmdk_open_vmdk4(bs, file, flags, options, errp);
         default:
             error_setg(errp, "Image not in VMDK format");
             return -EINVAL;
     }
 }
 
 static const char *next_line(const char *s)
 {
     while (*s) {
         if (*s == '\n') {
             return s + 1;
         }
         s++;
     }
     return s;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_parse_extents(const char *desc, BlockDriverState *bs,
                               QDict *options, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     int matches;
     char access[11];
     char type[11];
     char fname[512];
     const char *p, *np;
     int64_t sectors = 0;
     int64_t flat_offset;
     char *desc_file_dir = NULL;
     char *extent_path;
     BdrvChild *extent_file;
     BdrvChildRole extent_role;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
     char extent_opt_prefix[32];
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
     for (p = desc; *p; p = next_line(p)) {
         /* parse extent line in one of below formats:
          *
          * RW [size in sectors] FLAT "file-name.vmdk" OFFSET
          * RW [size in sectors] SPARSE "file-name.vmdk"
          * RW [size in sectors] VMFS "file-name.vmdk"
          * RW [size in sectors] VMFSSPARSE "file-name.vmdk"
          * RW [size in sectors] SESPARSE "file-name.vmdk"
          */
         flat_offset = -1;
         matches = sscanf(p, "%10s %" SCNd64 " %10s \"%511[^\n\r\"]\" %" SCNd64,
                          access, &sectors, type, fname, &flat_offset);
         if (matches < 4 || strcmp(access, "RW")) {
             continue;
         } else if (!strcmp(type, "FLAT")) {
             if (matches != 5 || flat_offset < 0) {
                 goto invalid;
             }
         } else if (!strcmp(type, "VMFS")) {
             if (matches == 4) {
                 flat_offset = 0;
             } else {
                 goto invalid;
             }
         } else if (matches != 4) {
             goto invalid;
         }
 
         if (sectors <= 0 ||
             (strcmp(type, "FLAT") && strcmp(type, "SPARSE") &&
              strcmp(type, "VMFS") && strcmp(type, "VMFSSPARSE") &&
              strcmp(type, "SESPARSE")) ||
             (strcmp(access, "RW"))) {
             continue;
         }
 
         if (path_is_absolute(fname)) {
             extent_path = g_strdup(fname);
         } else {
             if (!desc_file_dir) {
                 desc_file_dir = bdrv_dirname(bs->file->bs, errp);
                 if (!desc_file_dir) {
                     bdrv_refresh_filename(bs->file->bs);
                     error_prepend(errp, "Cannot use relative paths with VMDK "
                                   "descriptor file '%s': ",
                                   bs->file->bs->filename);
                     ret = -EINVAL;
                     goto out;
                 }
             }
 
             extent_path = g_strconcat(desc_file_dir, fname, NULL);
         }
 
         ret = snprintf(extent_opt_prefix, 32, "extents.%d", s->num_extents);
         assert(ret < 32);
 
         extent_role = BDRV_CHILD_DATA;
         if (strcmp(type, "FLAT") != 0 && strcmp(type, "VMFS") != 0) {
             /* non-flat extents have metadata */
             extent_role |= BDRV_CHILD_METADATA;
         }
 
         extent_file = bdrv_open_child(extent_path, options, extent_opt_prefix,
                                       bs, &child_of_bds, extent_role, false,
                                       &local_err);
         g_free(extent_path);
         if (local_err) {
             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto out;
         }
 
         /* save to extents array */
         if (!strcmp(type, "FLAT") || !strcmp(type, "VMFS")) {
             /* FLAT extent */
 
             ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, extent_file, true, sectors,
                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, &extent, errp);
             if (ret < 0) {
                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
                 goto out;
             }
             extent->flat_start_offset = flat_offset << 9;
         } else if (!strcmp(type, "SPARSE") || !strcmp(type, "VMFSSPARSE")) {
             /* SPARSE extent and VMFSSPARSE extent are both "COWD" sparse file*/
             char *buf = vmdk_read_desc(extent_file, 0, errp);
             if (!buf) {
                 ret = -EINVAL;
             } else {
                 ret = vmdk_open_sparse(bs, extent_file, bs->open_flags, buf,
                                        options, errp);
             }
             g_free(buf);
             if (ret) {
                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
                 goto out;
             }
             extent = &s->extents[s->num_extents - 1];
         } else if (!strcmp(type, "SESPARSE")) {
             ret = vmdk_open_se_sparse(bs, extent_file, bs->open_flags, errp);
             if (ret) {
                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
                 goto out;
             }
             extent = &s->extents[s->num_extents - 1];
         } else {
             error_setg(errp, "Unsupported extent type '%s'", type);
             bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
             ret = -ENOTSUP;
             goto out;
         }
         extent->type = g_strdup(type);
     }
 
     ret = 0;
     goto out;
 
 invalid:
     np = next_line(p);
     assert(np != p);
     if (np[-1] == '\n') {
         np--;
     }
     error_setg(errp, "Invalid extent line: %.*s", (int)(np - p), p);
     ret = -EINVAL;
 
 out:
     g_free(desc_file_dir);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_open_desc_file(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags, char *buf,
                                QDict *options, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     char ct[128];
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
 
     if (vmdk_parse_description(buf, "createType", ct, sizeof(ct))) {
         error_setg(errp, "invalid VMDK image descriptor");
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto exit;
     }
     if (strcmp(ct, "monolithicFlat") &&
         strcmp(ct, "vmfs") &&
         strcmp(ct, "vmfsSparse") &&
         strcmp(ct, "seSparse") &&
         strcmp(ct, "twoGbMaxExtentSparse") &&
         strcmp(ct, "twoGbMaxExtentFlat")) {
         error_setg(errp, "Unsupported image type '%s'", ct);
         ret = -ENOTSUP;
         goto exit;
     }
     s->create_type = g_strdup(ct);
     s->desc_offset = 0;
     ret = vmdk_parse_extents(buf, bs, options, errp);
 exit:
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
                      Error **errp)
 {
     char *buf;
     int ret;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     uint32_t magic;
 
     ret = bdrv_open_file_child(NULL, options, "file", bs, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
 
     buf = vmdk_read_desc(bs->file, 0, errp);
     if (!buf) {
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
     magic = ldl_be_p(buf);
     switch (magic) {
         case VMDK3_MAGIC:
         case VMDK4_MAGIC:
             ret = vmdk_open_sparse(bs, bs->file, flags, buf, options,
                                    errp);
             s->desc_offset = 0x200;
             break;
         default:
             /* No data in the descriptor file */
             bs->file->role &= ~BDRV_CHILD_DATA;
 
             /* Must succeed because we have given up permissions if anything */
             bdrv_child_refresh_perms(bs, bs->file, &error_abort);
 
             ret = vmdk_open_desc_file(bs, flags, buf, options, errp);
             break;
     }
     if (ret) {
         goto fail;
     }
 
     /* try to open parent images, if exist */
     ret = vmdk_parent_open(bs);
     if (ret) {
         goto fail;
     }
     ret = vmdk_read_cid(bs, 0, &s->cid);
     if (ret) {
         goto fail;
     }
     ret = vmdk_read_cid(bs, 1, &s->parent_cid);
     if (ret) {
         goto fail;
     }
     qemu_co_mutex_init(&s->lock);
 
     /* Disable migration when VMDK images are used */
     error_setg(&s->migration_blocker, "The vmdk format used by node '%s' "
                "does not support live migration",
                bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
     ret = migrate_add_blocker(s->migration_blocker, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_free(s->migration_blocker);
         goto fail;
     }
 
     g_free(buf);
     return 0;
 
 fail:
     g_free(buf);
     g_free(s->create_type);
     s->create_type = NULL;
     vmdk_free_extents(bs);
     return ret;
 }
 
 
 static void vmdk_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int i;
 
     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         if (!s->extents[i].flat) {
             bs->bl.pwrite_zeroes_alignment =
                 MAX(bs->bl.pwrite_zeroes_alignment,
                     s->extents[i].cluster_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
         }
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * get_whole_cluster
  *
  * Copy backing file's cluster that covers @sector_num, otherwise write zero,
  * to the cluster at @cluster_sector_num. If @zeroed is true, we're overwriting
  * a zeroed cluster in the current layer and must not copy data from the
  * backing file.
  *
  * If @skip_start_sector < @skip_end_sector, the relative range
  * [@skip_start_sector, @skip_end_sector) is not copied or written, and leave
  * it for call to write user data in the request.
  */
 static int coroutine_fn get_whole_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                           VmdkExtent *extent,
                                           uint64_t cluster_offset,
                                           uint64_t offset,
                                           uint64_t skip_start_bytes,
                                           uint64_t skip_end_bytes,
                                           bool zeroed)
 {
     int ret = VMDK_OK;
     int64_t cluster_bytes;
     uint8_t *whole_grain;
     bool copy_from_backing;
 
     /* For COW, align request sector_num to cluster start */
     cluster_bytes = extent->cluster_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
     offset = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(offset, cluster_bytes);
     whole_grain = qemu_blockalign(bs, cluster_bytes);
     copy_from_backing = bs->backing && !zeroed;
 
     if (!copy_from_backing) {
         memset(whole_grain, 0, skip_start_bytes);
         memset(whole_grain + skip_end_bytes, 0, cluster_bytes - skip_end_bytes);
     }
 
     assert(skip_end_bytes <= cluster_bytes);
     /* we will be here if it's first write on non-exist grain(cluster).
      * try to read from parent image, if exist */
     if (bs->backing && !vmdk_is_cid_valid(bs)) {
         ret = VMDK_ERROR;
         goto exit;
     }
 
     /* Read backing data before skip range */
     if (skip_start_bytes > 0) {
         if (copy_from_backing) {
             /* qcow2 emits this on bs->file instead of bs->backing */
             BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_COW_READ);
             ret = bdrv_co_pread(bs->backing, offset, skip_start_bytes,
                                 whole_grain, 0);
             if (ret < 0) {
                 ret = VMDK_ERROR;
                 goto exit;
             }
         }
         BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_COW_WRITE);
         ret = bdrv_co_pwrite(extent->file, cluster_offset, skip_start_bytes,
                              whole_grain, 0);
         if (ret < 0) {
             ret = VMDK_ERROR;
             goto exit;
         }
     }
     /* Read backing data after skip range */
     if (skip_end_bytes < cluster_bytes) {
         if (copy_from_backing) {
             /* qcow2 emits this on bs->file instead of bs->backing */
             BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_COW_READ);
             ret = bdrv_co_pread(bs->backing, offset + skip_end_bytes,
                                 cluster_bytes - skip_end_bytes,
                                 whole_grain + skip_end_bytes, 0);
             if (ret < 0) {
                 ret = VMDK_ERROR;
                 goto exit;
             }
         }
         BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_COW_WRITE);
         ret = bdrv_co_pwrite(extent->file, cluster_offset + skip_end_bytes,
                              cluster_bytes - skip_end_bytes,
                              whole_grain + skip_end_bytes, 0);
         if (ret < 0) {
             ret = VMDK_ERROR;
             goto exit;
         }
     }
 
     ret = VMDK_OK;
 exit:
     qemu_vfree(whole_grain);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_L2update(VmdkExtent *extent, VmdkMetaData *m_data,
                                       uint32_t offset)
 {
     offset = cpu_to_le32(offset);
     /* update L2 table */
     BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_L2_UPDATE);
     if (bdrv_co_pwrite(extent->file,
                        ((int64_t)m_data->l2_offset * 512)
                            + (m_data->l2_index * sizeof(offset)),
                        sizeof(offset), &offset, 0) < 0) {
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
     /* update backup L2 table */
     if (extent->l1_backup_table_offset != 0) {
         m_data->l2_offset = extent->l1_backup_table[m_data->l1_index];
         if (bdrv_co_pwrite(extent->file,
                            ((int64_t)m_data->l2_offset * 512)
                                + (m_data->l2_index * sizeof(offset)),
                            sizeof(offset), &offset, 0) < 0) {
             return VMDK_ERROR;
         }
     }
     if (bdrv_co_flush(extent->file->bs) < 0) {
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
     if (m_data->l2_cache_entry) {
         *m_data->l2_cache_entry = offset;
     }
 
     return VMDK_OK;
 }
 
 /**
  * get_cluster_offset
  *
  * Look up cluster offset in extent file by sector number, and store in
  * @cluster_offset.
  *
  * For flat extents, the start offset as parsed from the description file is
  * returned.
  *
  * For sparse extents, look up in L1, L2 table. If allocate is true, return an
  * offset for a new cluster and update L2 cache. If there is a backing file,
  * COW is done before returning; otherwise, zeroes are written to the allocated
  * cluster. Both COW and zero writing skips the sector range
  * [@skip_start_sector, @skip_end_sector) passed in by caller, because caller
  * has new data to write there.
  *
  * Returns: VMDK_OK if cluster exists and mapped in the image.
  *          VMDK_UNALLOC if cluster is not mapped and @allocate is false.
  *          VMDK_ERROR if failed.
  */
 static int coroutine_fn get_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                            VmdkExtent *extent,
                                            VmdkMetaData *m_data,
                                            uint64_t offset,
                                            bool allocate,
                                            uint64_t *cluster_offset,
                                            uint64_t skip_start_bytes,
                                            uint64_t skip_end_bytes)
 {
     unsigned int l1_index, l2_offset, l2_index;
     int min_index, i, j;
     uint32_t min_count;
     void *l2_table;
     bool zeroed = false;
     int64_t ret;
     int64_t cluster_sector;
     unsigned int l2_size_bytes = extent->l2_size * extent->entry_size;
 
     if (m_data) {
         m_data->new_allocation = false;
     }
     if (extent->flat) {
         *cluster_offset = extent->flat_start_offset;
         return VMDK_OK;
     }
 
     offset -= (extent->end_sector - extent->sectors) * SECTOR_SIZE;
     l1_index = (offset >> 9) / extent->l1_entry_sectors;
     if (l1_index >= extent->l1_size) {
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
     if (extent->sesparse) {
         uint64_t l2_offset_u64;
 
         assert(extent->entry_size == sizeof(uint64_t));
 
         l2_offset_u64 = ((uint64_t *)extent->l1_table)[l1_index];
         if (l2_offset_u64 == 0) {
             l2_offset = 0;
         } else if ((l2_offset_u64 & 0xffffffff00000000) != 0x1000000000000000) {
             /*
              * Top most nibble is 0x1 if grain table is allocated.
              * strict check - top most 4 bytes must be 0x10000000 since max
              * supported size is 64TB for disk - so no more than 64TB / 16MB
              * grain directories which is smaller than uint32,
              * where 16MB is the only supported default grain table coverage.
              */
             return VMDK_ERROR;
         } else {
             l2_offset_u64 = l2_offset_u64 & 0x00000000ffffffff;
             l2_offset_u64 = extent->sesparse_l2_tables_offset +
                 l2_offset_u64 * l2_size_bytes / SECTOR_SIZE;
             if (l2_offset_u64 > 0x00000000ffffffff) {
                 return VMDK_ERROR;
             }
             l2_offset = (unsigned int)(l2_offset_u64);
         }
     } else {
         assert(extent->entry_size == sizeof(uint32_t));
         l2_offset = ((uint32_t *)extent->l1_table)[l1_index];
     }
     if (!l2_offset) {
         return VMDK_UNALLOC;
     }
     for (i = 0; i < L2_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
         if (l2_offset == extent->l2_cache_offsets[i]) {
             /* increment the hit count */
             if (++extent->l2_cache_counts[i] == 0xffffffff) {
                 for (j = 0; j < L2_CACHE_SIZE; j++) {
                     extent->l2_cache_counts[j] >>= 1;
                 }
             }
             l2_table = (char *)extent->l2_cache + (i * l2_size_bytes);
             goto found;
         }
     }
     /* not found: load a new entry in the least used one */
     min_index = 0;
     min_count = 0xffffffff;
     for (i = 0; i < L2_CACHE_SIZE; i++) {
         if (extent->l2_cache_counts[i] < min_count) {
             min_count = extent->l2_cache_counts[i];
             min_index = i;
         }
     }
     l2_table = (char *)extent->l2_cache + (min_index * l2_size_bytes);
     BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_L2_LOAD);
     if (bdrv_co_pread(extent->file,
                 (int64_t)l2_offset * 512,
                 l2_size_bytes,
                 l2_table, 0
             ) < 0) {
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
 
     extent->l2_cache_offsets[min_index] = l2_offset;
     extent->l2_cache_counts[min_index] = 1;
  found:
     l2_index = ((offset >> 9) / extent->cluster_sectors) % extent->l2_size;
     if (m_data) {
         m_data->l1_index = l1_index;
         m_data->l2_index = l2_index;
         m_data->l2_offset = l2_offset;
         m_data->l2_cache_entry = ((uint32_t *)l2_table) + l2_index;
     }
 
     if (extent->sesparse) {
         cluster_sector = le64_to_cpu(((uint64_t *)l2_table)[l2_index]);
         switch (cluster_sector & 0xf000000000000000) {
         case 0x0000000000000000:
             /* unallocated grain */
             if (cluster_sector != 0) {
                 return VMDK_ERROR;
             }
             break;
         case 0x1000000000000000:
             /* scsi-unmapped grain - fallthrough */
         case 0x2000000000000000:
             /* zero grain */
             zeroed = true;
             break;
         case 0x3000000000000000:
             /* allocated grain */
             cluster_sector = (((cluster_sector & 0x0fff000000000000) >> 48) |
                               ((cluster_sector & 0x0000ffffffffffff) << 12));
             cluster_sector = extent->sesparse_clusters_offset +
                 cluster_sector * extent->cluster_sectors;
             break;
         default:
             return VMDK_ERROR;
         }
     } else {
         cluster_sector = le32_to_cpu(((uint32_t *)l2_table)[l2_index]);
 
         if (extent->has_zero_grain && cluster_sector == VMDK_GTE_ZEROED) {
             zeroed = true;
         }
     }
 
     if (!cluster_sector || zeroed) {
         if (!allocate) {
             return zeroed ? VMDK_ZEROED : VMDK_UNALLOC;
         }
         assert(!extent->sesparse);
 
         if (extent->next_cluster_sector >= VMDK_EXTENT_MAX_SECTORS) {
             return VMDK_ERROR;
         }
 
         cluster_sector = extent->next_cluster_sector;
         extent->next_cluster_sector += extent->cluster_sectors;
 
         /* First of all we write grain itself, to avoid race condition
          * that may to corrupt the image.
          * This problem may occur because of insufficient space on host disk
          * or inappropriate VM shutdown.
          */
         ret = get_whole_cluster(bs, extent, cluster_sector * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
                                 offset, skip_start_bytes, skip_end_bytes,
                                 zeroed);
         if (ret) {
             return ret;
         }
         if (m_data) {
             m_data->new_allocation = true;
         }
     }
     *cluster_offset = cluster_sector << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
     return VMDK_OK;
 }
 
 static VmdkExtent *find_extent(BDRVVmdkState *s,
                                 int64_t sector_num, VmdkExtent *start_hint)
 {
     VmdkExtent *extent = start_hint;
 
     if (!extent) {
         extent = &s->extents[0];
     }
     while (extent < &s->extents[s->num_extents]) {
         if (sector_num < extent->end_sector) {
             return extent;
         }
         extent++;
     }
     return NULL;
 }
 
 static inline uint64_t vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(VmdkExtent *extent,
                                                    int64_t offset)
 {
     uint64_t extent_begin_offset, extent_relative_offset;
     uint64_t cluster_size = extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
 
     extent_begin_offset =
         (extent->end_sector - extent->sectors) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
     extent_relative_offset = offset - extent_begin_offset;
     return extent_relative_offset % cluster_size;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                              bool want_zero,
                                              int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                                              int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
                                              BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t index_in_cluster, n, ret;
     uint64_t cluster_offset;
     VmdkExtent *extent;
 
     extent = find_extent(s, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, NULL);
     if (!extent) {
         return -EIO;
     }
     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
     ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, NULL, offset, false, &cluster_offset,
                              0, 0);
     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
 
     index_in_cluster = vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(extent, offset);
     switch (ret) {
     case VMDK_ERROR:
         ret = -EIO;
         break;
     case VMDK_UNALLOC:
         ret = 0;
         break;
     case VMDK_ZEROED:
         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
         break;
     case VMDK_OK:
         ret = BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
         if (!extent->compressed) {
             ret |= BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID;
             *map = cluster_offset + index_in_cluster;
             if (extent->flat) {
                 ret |= BDRV_BLOCK_RECURSE;
             }
         }
         *file = extent->file->bs;
         break;
     }
 
     n = extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE - index_in_cluster;
     *pnum = MIN(n, bytes);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn
 vmdk_write_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
                   int64_t offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
                   uint64_t qiov_offset, uint64_t n_bytes,
                   uint64_t offset)
 {
     int ret;
     VmdkGrainMarker *data = NULL;
     uLongf buf_len;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
     int64_t write_offset;
     int64_t write_end_sector;
 
     if (extent->compressed) {
         void *compressed_data;
 
         /* Only whole clusters */
         if (offset_in_cluster ||
             n_bytes > (extent->cluster_sectors * SECTOR_SIZE) ||
             (n_bytes < (extent->cluster_sectors * SECTOR_SIZE) &&
              offset + n_bytes != extent->end_sector * SECTOR_SIZE))
         {
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto out;
         }
 
         if (!extent->has_marker) {
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto out;
         }
         buf_len = (extent->cluster_sectors << 9) * 2;
         data = g_malloc(buf_len + sizeof(VmdkGrainMarker));
 
         compressed_data = g_malloc(n_bytes);
         qemu_iovec_to_buf(qiov, qiov_offset, compressed_data, n_bytes);
         ret = compress(data->data, &buf_len, compressed_data, n_bytes);
         g_free(compressed_data);
 
         if (ret != Z_OK || buf_len == 0) {
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto out;
         }
 
         data->lba = cpu_to_le64(offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
         data->size = cpu_to_le32(buf_len);
 
         n_bytes = buf_len + sizeof(VmdkGrainMarker);
         qemu_iovec_init_buf(&local_qiov, data, n_bytes);
 
         BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_WRITE_COMPRESSED);
     } else {
         qemu_iovec_init(&local_qiov, qiov->niov);
         qemu_iovec_concat(&local_qiov, qiov, qiov_offset, n_bytes);
 
         BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_WRITE_AIO);
     }
 
     write_offset = cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster;
     ret = bdrv_co_pwritev(extent->file, write_offset, n_bytes,
                           &local_qiov, 0);
 
     write_end_sector = DIV_ROUND_UP(write_offset + n_bytes, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
 
     if (extent->compressed) {
         extent->next_cluster_sector = write_end_sector;
     } else {
         extent->next_cluster_sector = MAX(extent->next_cluster_sector,
                                           write_end_sector);
     }
 
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto out;
     }
     ret = 0;
  out:
     g_free(data);
     if (!extent->compressed) {
         qemu_iovec_destroy(&local_qiov);
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn
 vmdk_read_extent(VmdkExtent *extent, int64_t cluster_offset,
                  int64_t offset_in_cluster, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
                  int bytes)
 {
     int ret;
     int cluster_bytes, buf_bytes;
     uint8_t *cluster_buf, *compressed_data;
     uint8_t *uncomp_buf;
     uint32_t data_len;
     VmdkGrainMarker *marker;
     uLongf buf_len;
 
 
     if (!extent->compressed) {
         BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_READ_AIO);
         ret = bdrv_co_preadv(extent->file,
                              cluster_offset + offset_in_cluster, bytes,
                              qiov, 0);
         if (ret < 0) {
             return ret;
         }
         return 0;
     }
     cluster_bytes = extent->cluster_sectors * 512;
     /* Read two clusters in case GrainMarker + compressed data > one cluster */
     buf_bytes = cluster_bytes * 2;
     cluster_buf = g_malloc(buf_bytes);
     uncomp_buf = g_malloc(cluster_bytes);
     BLKDBG_EVENT(extent->file, BLKDBG_READ_COMPRESSED);
     ret = bdrv_co_pread(extent->file, cluster_offset, buf_bytes, cluster_buf,
                         0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto out;
     }
     compressed_data = cluster_buf;
     buf_len = cluster_bytes;
     data_len = cluster_bytes;
     if (extent->has_marker) {
         marker = (VmdkGrainMarker *)cluster_buf;
         compressed_data = marker->data;
         data_len = le32_to_cpu(marker->size);
     }
     if (!data_len || data_len > buf_bytes) {
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto out;
     }
     ret = uncompress(uncomp_buf, &buf_len, compressed_data, data_len);
     if (ret != Z_OK) {
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto out;
 
     }
     if (offset_in_cluster < 0 ||
             offset_in_cluster + bytes > buf_len) {
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto out;
     }
     qemu_iovec_from_buf(qiov, 0, uncomp_buf + offset_in_cluster, bytes);
     ret = 0;
 
  out:
     g_free(uncomp_buf);
     g_free(cluster_buf);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn
 vmdk_co_preadv(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
     uint64_t n_bytes, offset_in_cluster;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
     QEMUIOVector local_qiov;
     uint64_t cluster_offset;
     uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
 
     qemu_iovec_init(&local_qiov, qiov->niov);
     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
 
     while (bytes > 0) {
         extent = find_extent(s, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, extent);
         if (!extent) {
             ret = -EIO;
             goto fail;
         }
         ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, NULL,
                                  offset, false, &cluster_offset, 0, 0);
         offset_in_cluster = vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(extent, offset);
 
         n_bytes = MIN(bytes, extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE
                              - offset_in_cluster);
 
         if (ret != VMDK_OK) {
             /* if not allocated, try to read from parent image, if exist */
             if (bs->backing && ret != VMDK_ZEROED) {
                 if (!vmdk_is_cid_valid(bs)) {
                     ret = -EINVAL;
                     goto fail;
                 }
 
                 qemu_iovec_reset(&local_qiov);
                 qemu_iovec_concat(&local_qiov, qiov, bytes_done, n_bytes);
 
                 /* qcow2 emits this on bs->file instead of bs->backing */
                 BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_BACKING_AIO);
                 ret = bdrv_co_preadv(bs->backing, offset, n_bytes,
                                      &local_qiov, 0);
                 if (ret < 0) {
                     goto fail;
                 }
             } else {
                 qemu_iovec_memset(qiov, bytes_done, 0, n_bytes);
             }
         } else {
             qemu_iovec_reset(&local_qiov);
             qemu_iovec_concat(&local_qiov, qiov, bytes_done, n_bytes);
 
             ret = vmdk_read_extent(extent, cluster_offset, offset_in_cluster,
                                    &local_qiov, n_bytes);
             if (ret) {
                 goto fail;
             }
         }
         bytes -= n_bytes;
         offset += n_bytes;
         bytes_done += n_bytes;
     }
 
     ret = 0;
 fail:
     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
     qemu_iovec_destroy(&local_qiov);
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 /**
  * vmdk_write:
  * @zeroed:       buf is ignored (data is zero), use zeroed_grain GTE feature
  *                if possible, otherwise return -ENOTSUP.
  * @zero_dry_run: used for zeroed == true only, don't update L2 table, just try
  *                with each cluster. By dry run we can find if the zero write
  *                is possible without modifying image data.
  *
  * Returns: error code with 0 for success.
  */
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
                                      uint64_t bytes, QEMUIOVector *qiov,
                                      bool zeroed, bool zero_dry_run)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
     int ret;
     int64_t offset_in_cluster, n_bytes;
     uint64_t cluster_offset;
     uint64_t bytes_done = 0;
     VmdkMetaData m_data;
 
     if (DIV_ROUND_UP(offset, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) > bs->total_sectors) {
         error_report("Wrong offset: offset=0x%" PRIx64
                      " total_sectors=0x%" PRIx64,
                      offset, bs->total_sectors);
         return -EIO;
     }
 
     while (bytes > 0) {
         extent = find_extent(s, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, extent);
         if (!extent) {
             return -EIO;
         }
         if (extent->sesparse) {
             return -ENOTSUP;
         }
         offset_in_cluster = vmdk_find_offset_in_cluster(extent, offset);
         n_bytes = MIN(bytes, extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE
                              - offset_in_cluster);
 
         ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, &m_data, offset,
                                  !(extent->compressed || zeroed),
                                  &cluster_offset, offset_in_cluster,
                                  offset_in_cluster + n_bytes);
         if (extent->compressed) {
             if (ret == VMDK_OK) {
                 /* Refuse write to allocated cluster for streamOptimized */
                 error_report("Could not write to allocated cluster"
                               " for streamOptimized");
                 return -EIO;
             } else if (!zeroed) {
                 /* allocate */
                 ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, &m_data, offset,
                                          true, &cluster_offset, 0, 0);
             }
         }
         if (ret == VMDK_ERROR) {
             return -EINVAL;
         }
         if (zeroed) {
             /* Do zeroed write, buf is ignored */
             if (extent->has_zero_grain &&
                     offset_in_cluster == 0 &&
                     n_bytes >= extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) {
                 n_bytes = extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
                 if (!zero_dry_run && ret != VMDK_ZEROED) {
                     /* update L2 tables */
                     if (vmdk_L2update(extent, &m_data, VMDK_GTE_ZEROED)
                             != VMDK_OK) {
                         return -EIO;
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 return -ENOTSUP;
             }
         } else {
             ret = vmdk_write_extent(extent, cluster_offset, offset_in_cluster,
                                     qiov, bytes_done, n_bytes, offset);
             if (ret) {
                 return ret;
             }
             if (m_data.new_allocation) {
                 /* update L2 tables */
                 if (vmdk_L2update(extent, &m_data,
                                   cluster_offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)
                         != VMDK_OK) {
                     return -EIO;
                 }
             }
         }
         bytes -= n_bytes;
         offset += n_bytes;
         bytes_done += n_bytes;
 
         /* update CID on the first write every time the virtual disk is
          * opened */
         if (!s->cid_updated) {
             ret = vmdk_write_cid(bs, g_random_int());
             if (ret < 0) {
                 return ret;
             }
             s->cid_updated = true;
         }
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn
 vmdk_co_pwritev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                 QEMUIOVector *qiov, BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
     ret = vmdk_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, qiov, false, false);
     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn
 vmdk_co_pwritev_compressed(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                            QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
     if (bytes == 0) {
         /* The caller will write bytes 0 to signal EOF.
          * When receive it, we align EOF to a sector boundary. */
         BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
         int i, ret;
         int64_t length;
 
         for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
             length = bdrv_getlength(s->extents[i].file->bs);
             if (length < 0) {
                 return length;
             }
             length = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
             ret = bdrv_co_truncate(s->extents[i].file, length, false,
                                    PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, 0, NULL);
             if (ret < 0) {
                 return ret;
             }
         }
         return 0;
     }
     return vmdk_co_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, qiov, 0);
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                               int64_t offset,
                                               int64_t bytes,
                                               BdrvRequestFlags flags)
 {
     int ret;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
 
     qemu_co_mutex_lock(&s->lock);
     /* write zeroes could fail if sectors not aligned to cluster, test it with
      * dry_run == true before really updating image */
     ret = vmdk_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, NULL, true, true);
     if (!ret) {
         ret = vmdk_pwritev(bs, offset, bytes, NULL, true, false);
     }
     qemu_co_mutex_unlock(&s->lock);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_init_extent(BlockBackend *blk,
                             int64_t filesize, bool flat,
                             bool compress, bool zeroed_grain,
                             Error **errp)
 {
     int ret, i;
     VMDK4Header header;
     uint32_t tmp, magic, grains, gd_sectors, gt_size, gt_count;
     uint32_t *gd_buf = NULL;
     int gd_buf_size;
 
     if (flat) {
         ret = blk_truncate(blk, filesize, false, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, 0, errp);
         goto exit;
     }
     magic = cpu_to_be32(VMDK4_MAGIC);
     memset(&header, 0, sizeof(header));
     if (compress) {
         header.version = 3;
     } else if (zeroed_grain) {
         header.version = 2;
     } else {
         header.version = 1;
     }
     header.flags = VMDK4_FLAG_RGD | VMDK4_FLAG_NL_DETECT
                    | (compress ? VMDK4_FLAG_COMPRESS | VMDK4_FLAG_MARKER : 0)
                    | (zeroed_grain ? VMDK4_FLAG_ZERO_GRAIN : 0);
     header.compressAlgorithm = compress ? VMDK4_COMPRESSION_DEFLATE : 0;
     header.capacity = filesize / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
     header.granularity = 128;
     header.num_gtes_per_gt = BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
 
     grains = DIV_ROUND_UP(filesize / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, header.granularity);
     gt_size = DIV_ROUND_UP(header.num_gtes_per_gt * sizeof(uint32_t),
                            BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
     gt_count = DIV_ROUND_UP(grains, header.num_gtes_per_gt);
     gd_sectors = DIV_ROUND_UP(gt_count * sizeof(uint32_t), BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
 
     header.desc_offset = 1;
     header.desc_size = 20;
     header.rgd_offset = header.desc_offset + header.desc_size;
     header.gd_offset = header.rgd_offset + gd_sectors + (gt_size * gt_count);
     header.grain_offset =
         ROUND_UP(header.gd_offset + gd_sectors + (gt_size * gt_count),
                  header.granularity);
     /* swap endianness for all header fields */
     header.version = cpu_to_le32(header.version);
     header.flags = cpu_to_le32(header.flags);
     header.capacity = cpu_to_le64(header.capacity);
     header.granularity = cpu_to_le64(header.granularity);
     header.num_gtes_per_gt = cpu_to_le32(header.num_gtes_per_gt);
     header.desc_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.desc_offset);
     header.desc_size = cpu_to_le64(header.desc_size);
     header.rgd_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.rgd_offset);
     header.gd_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.gd_offset);
     header.grain_offset = cpu_to_le64(header.grain_offset);
     header.compressAlgorithm = cpu_to_le16(header.compressAlgorithm);
 
     header.check_bytes[0] = 0xa;
     header.check_bytes[1] = 0x20;
     header.check_bytes[2] = 0xd;
     header.check_bytes[3] = 0xa;
 
     /* write all the data */
     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, 0, sizeof(magic), &magic, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
         goto exit;
     }
     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, sizeof(magic), sizeof(header), &header, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
         goto exit;
     }
 
     ret = blk_truncate(blk, le64_to_cpu(header.grain_offset) << 9, false,
                        PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, 0, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto exit;
     }
 
     /* write grain directory */
     gd_buf_size = gd_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
     gd_buf = g_malloc0(gd_buf_size);
     for (i = 0, tmp = le64_to_cpu(header.rgd_offset) + gd_sectors;
          i < gt_count; i++, tmp += gt_size) {
         gd_buf[i] = cpu_to_le32(tmp);
     }
     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, le64_to_cpu(header.rgd_offset) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
                      gd_buf_size, gd_buf, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
         goto exit;
     }
 
     /* write backup grain directory */
     for (i = 0, tmp = le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) + gd_sectors;
          i < gt_count; i++, tmp += gt_size) {
         gd_buf[i] = cpu_to_le32(tmp);
     }
     ret = blk_pwrite(blk, le64_to_cpu(header.gd_offset) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
                      gd_buf_size, gd_buf, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
     }
 
     ret = 0;
 exit:
     g_free(gd_buf);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_create_extent(const char *filename, int64_t filesize,
                               bool flat, bool compress, bool zeroed_grain,
                               BlockBackend **pbb,
                               QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
 
     ret = bdrv_create_file(filename, opts, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         goto exit;
     }
 
     blk = blk_new_open(filename, NULL, NULL,
                        BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_RESIZE | BDRV_O_PROTOCOL,
                        errp);
     if (blk == NULL) {
         ret = -EIO;
         goto exit;
     }
 
     blk_set_allow_write_beyond_eof(blk, true);
 
     ret = vmdk_init_extent(blk, filesize, flat, compress, zeroed_grain, errp);
 exit:
     if (blk) {
         if (pbb) {
             *pbb = blk;
         } else {
             blk_unref(blk);
             blk = NULL;
         }
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int filename_decompose(const char *filename, char *path, char *prefix,
                               char *postfix, size_t buf_len, Error **errp)
 {
     const char *p, *q;
 
     if (filename == NULL || !strlen(filename)) {
         error_setg(errp, "No filename provided");
         return VMDK_ERROR;
     }
     p = strrchr(filename, '/');
     if (p == NULL) {
         p = strrchr(filename, '\\');
     }
     if (p == NULL) {
         p = strrchr(filename, ':');
     }
     if (p != NULL) {
         p++;
         if (p - filename >= buf_len) {
             return VMDK_ERROR;
         }
         pstrcpy(path, p - filename + 1, filename);
     } else {
         p = filename;
         path[0] = '\0';
     }
     q = strrchr(p, '.');
     if (q == NULL) {
         pstrcpy(prefix, buf_len, p);
         postfix[0] = '\0';
     } else {
         if (q - p >= buf_len) {
             return VMDK_ERROR;
         }
         pstrcpy(prefix, q - p + 1, p);
         pstrcpy(postfix, buf_len, q);
     }
     return VMDK_OK;
 }
 
 /*
  * idx == 0: get or create the descriptor file (also the image file if in a
  *           non-split format.
  * idx >= 1: get the n-th extent if in a split subformat
  */
 typedef BlockBackend *(*vmdk_create_extent_fn)(int64_t size,
                                                int idx,
                                                bool flat,
                                                bool split,
                                                bool compress,
                                                bool zeroed_grain,
                                                void *opaque,
                                                Error **errp);
 
 static void vmdk_desc_add_extent(GString *desc,
                                  const char *extent_line_fmt,
                                  int64_t size, const char *filename)
 {
     char *basename = g_path_get_basename(filename);
 
     g_string_append_printf(desc, extent_line_fmt,
                            DIV_ROUND_UP(size, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE), basename);
     g_free(basename);
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_do_create(int64_t size,
                                           BlockdevVmdkSubformat subformat,
                                           BlockdevVmdkAdapterType adapter_type,
                                           const char *backing_file,
                                           const char *hw_version,
                                           const char *toolsversion,
                                           bool compat6,
                                           bool zeroed_grain,
                                           vmdk_create_extent_fn extent_fn,
                                           void *opaque,
                                           Error **errp)
 {
     int extent_idx;
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
     BlockBackend *extent_blk;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     char *desc = NULL;
     int ret = 0;
     bool flat, split, compress;
     GString *ext_desc_lines;
     const int64_t split_size = 0x80000000;  /* VMDK has constant split size */
     int64_t extent_size;
     int64_t created_size = 0;
     const char *extent_line_fmt;
     char *parent_desc_line = g_malloc0(BUF_SIZE);
     uint32_t parent_cid = 0xffffffff;
     uint32_t number_heads = 16;
     uint32_t desc_offset = 0, desc_len;
     const char desc_template[] =
         "# Disk DescriptorFile\n"
         "version=1\n"
         "CID=%" PRIx32 "\n"
         "parentCID=%" PRIx32 "\n"
         "createType=\"%s\"\n"
         "%s"
         "\n"
         "# Extent description\n"
         "%s"
         "\n"
         "# The Disk Data Base\n"
         "#DDB\n"
         "\n"
         "ddb.virtualHWVersion = \"%s\"\n"
         "ddb.geometry.cylinders = \"%" PRId64 "\"\n"
         "ddb.geometry.heads = \"%" PRIu32 "\"\n"
         "ddb.geometry.sectors = \"63\"\n"
         "ddb.adapterType = \"%s\"\n"
         "ddb.toolsVersion = \"%s\"\n";
 
     ext_desc_lines = g_string_new(NULL);
 
     /* Read out options */
     if (compat6) {
         if (hw_version) {
             error_setg(errp,
                        "compat6 cannot be enabled with hwversion set");
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto exit;
         }
         hw_version = "6";
     }
     if (!hw_version) {
         hw_version = "4";
     }
     if (!toolsversion) {
         toolsversion = "2147483647";
     }
 
     if (adapter_type != BLOCKDEV_VMDK_ADAPTER_TYPE_IDE) {
         /* that's the number of heads with which vmware operates when
            creating, exporting, etc. vmdk files with a non-ide adapter type */
         number_heads = 255;
     }
     split = (subformat == BLOCKDEV_VMDK_SUBFORMAT_TWOGBMAXEXTENTFLAT) ||
             (subformat == BLOCKDEV_VMDK_SUBFORMAT_TWOGBMAXEXTENTSPARSE);
     flat = (subformat == BLOCKDEV_VMDK_SUBFORMAT_MONOLITHICFLAT) ||
            (subformat == BLOCKDEV_VMDK_SUBFORMAT_TWOGBMAXEXTENTFLAT);
     compress = subformat == BLOCKDEV_VMDK_SUBFORMAT_STREAMOPTIMIZED;
 
     if (flat) {
         extent_line_fmt = "RW %" PRId64 " FLAT \"%s\" 0\n";
     } else {
         extent_line_fmt = "RW %" PRId64 " SPARSE \"%s\"\n";
     }
     if (flat && backing_file) {
         error_setg(errp, "Flat image can't have backing file");
         ret = -ENOTSUP;
         goto exit;
     }
     if (flat && zeroed_grain) {
         error_setg(errp, "Flat image can't enable zeroed grain");
         ret = -ENOTSUP;
         goto exit;
     }
 
     /* Create extents */
     if (split) {
         extent_size = split_size;
     } else {
         extent_size = size;
     }
     if (!split && !flat) {
         created_size = extent_size;
     } else {
         created_size = 0;
     }
     /* Get the descriptor file BDS */
     blk = extent_fn(created_size, 0, flat, split, compress, zeroed_grain,
                     opaque, errp);
     if (!blk) {
         ret = -EIO;
         goto exit;
     }
     if (!split && !flat) {
         vmdk_desc_add_extent(ext_desc_lines, extent_line_fmt, created_size,
                              blk_bs(blk)->filename);
     }
 
     if (backing_file) {
         BlockBackend *backing;
         char *full_backing =
             bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(blk_bs(blk)->filename,
                                                          backing_file,
                                                          &local_err);
         if (local_err) {
             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
             ret = -ENOENT;
             goto exit;
         }
         assert(full_backing);
 
         backing = blk_new_open(full_backing, NULL, NULL,
                                BDRV_O_NO_BACKING, errp);
         g_free(full_backing);
         if (backing == NULL) {
             ret = -EIO;
             goto exit;
         }
         if (strcmp(blk_bs(backing)->drv->format_name, "vmdk")) {
             error_setg(errp, "Invalid backing file format: %s. Must be vmdk",
                        blk_bs(backing)->drv->format_name);
             blk_unref(backing);
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto exit;
         }
         ret = vmdk_read_cid(blk_bs(backing), 0, &parent_cid);
         blk_unref(backing);
         if (ret) {
             error_setg(errp, "Failed to read parent CID");
             goto exit;
         }
         snprintf(parent_desc_line, BUF_SIZE,
                 "parentFileNameHint=\"%s\"", backing_file);
     }
     extent_idx = 1;
     while (created_size < size) {
         int64_t cur_size = MIN(size - created_size, extent_size);
         extent_blk = extent_fn(cur_size, extent_idx, flat, split, compress,
                                zeroed_grain, opaque, errp);
         if (!extent_blk) {
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto exit;
         }
         vmdk_desc_add_extent(ext_desc_lines, extent_line_fmt, cur_size,
                              blk_bs(extent_blk)->filename);
         created_size += cur_size;
         extent_idx++;
         blk_unref(extent_blk);
     }
 
     /* Check whether we got excess extents */
     extent_blk = extent_fn(-1, extent_idx, flat, split, compress, zeroed_grain,
                            opaque, NULL);
     if (extent_blk) {
         blk_unref(extent_blk);
         error_setg(errp, "List of extents contains unused extents");
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto exit;
     }
 
     /* generate descriptor file */
     desc = g_strdup_printf(desc_template,
                            g_random_int(),
                            parent_cid,
                            BlockdevVmdkSubformat_str(subformat),
                            parent_desc_line,
                            ext_desc_lines->str,
                            hw_version,
                            size /
                                (int64_t)(63 * number_heads * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE),
                            number_heads,
                            BlockdevVmdkAdapterType_str(adapter_type),
                            toolsversion);
     desc_len = strlen(desc);
     /* the descriptor offset = 0x200 */
     if (!split && !flat) {
         desc_offset = 0x200;
     }
 
     ret = blk_co_pwrite(blk, desc_offset, desc_len, desc, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write description");
         goto exit;
     }
     /* bdrv_pwrite write padding zeros to align to sector, we don't need that
      * for description file */
     if (desc_offset == 0) {
         ret = blk_co_truncate(blk, desc_len, false, PREALLOC_MODE_OFF, 0, errp);
         if (ret < 0) {
             goto exit;
         }
     }
     ret = 0;
 exit:
     if (blk) {
         blk_unref(blk);
     }
     g_free(desc);
     g_free(parent_desc_line);
     g_string_free(ext_desc_lines, true);
     return ret;
 }
 
 typedef struct {
     char *path;
     char *prefix;
     char *postfix;
     QemuOpts *opts;
 } VMDKCreateOptsData;
 
 static BlockBackend *vmdk_co_create_opts_cb(int64_t size, int idx,
                                             bool flat, bool split, bool compress,
                                             bool zeroed_grain, void *opaque,
                                             Error **errp)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
     VMDKCreateOptsData *data = opaque;
     char *ext_filename = NULL;
     char *rel_filename = NULL;
 
     /* We're done, don't create excess extents. */
     if (size == -1) {
         assert(errp == NULL);
         return NULL;
     }
 
     if (idx == 0) {
         rel_filename = g_strdup_printf("%s%s", data->prefix, data->postfix);
     } else if (split) {
         rel_filename = g_strdup_printf("%s-%c%03d%s",
                                        data->prefix,
                                        flat ? 'f' : 's', idx, data->postfix);
     } else {
         assert(idx == 1);
         rel_filename = g_strdup_printf("%s-flat%s", data->prefix, data->postfix);
     }
 
     ext_filename = g_strdup_printf("%s%s", data->path, rel_filename);
     g_free(rel_filename);
 
     if (vmdk_create_extent(ext_filename, size,
                            flat, compress, zeroed_grain, &blk, data->opts,
                            errp)) {
         goto exit;
     }
     bdrv_unref(bs);
 exit:
     g_free(ext_filename);
     return blk;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_create_opts(BlockDriver *drv,
                                             const char *filename,
                                             QemuOpts *opts,
                                             Error **errp)
 {
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     char *desc = NULL;
     int64_t total_size = 0;
     char *adapter_type = NULL;
     BlockdevVmdkAdapterType adapter_type_enum;
     char *backing_file = NULL;
     char *hw_version = NULL;
     char *toolsversion = NULL;
     char *fmt = NULL;
     BlockdevVmdkSubformat subformat;
     int ret = 0;
     char *path = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
     char *prefix = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
     char *postfix = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
     char *desc_line = g_malloc0(BUF_SIZE);
     char *ext_filename = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
     char *desc_filename = g_malloc0(PATH_MAX);
     char *parent_desc_line = g_malloc0(BUF_SIZE);
     bool zeroed_grain;
     bool compat6;
     VMDKCreateOptsData data;
     char *backing_fmt = NULL;
 
     backing_fmt = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT);
     if (backing_fmt && strcmp(backing_fmt, "vmdk") != 0) {
         error_setg(errp, "backing_file must be a vmdk image");
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto exit;
     }
 
     if (filename_decompose(filename, path, prefix, postfix, PATH_MAX, errp)) {
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto exit;
     }
     /* Read out options */
     total_size = ROUND_UP(qemu_opt_get_size_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0),
                           BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
     adapter_type = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ADAPTER_TYPE);
     backing_file = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
     hw_version = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_HWVERSION);
     toolsversion = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_TOOLSVERSION);
     compat6 = qemu_opt_get_bool_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT6, false);
     if (strcmp(hw_version, "undefined") == 0) {
         g_free(hw_version);
         hw_version = NULL;
     }
     fmt = qemu_opt_get_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SUBFMT);
     zeroed_grain = qemu_opt_get_bool_del(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ZEROED_GRAIN, false);
 
     if (adapter_type) {
         adapter_type_enum = qapi_enum_parse(&BlockdevVmdkAdapterType_lookup,
                                             adapter_type,
                                             BLOCKDEV_VMDK_ADAPTER_TYPE_IDE,
                                             &local_err);
         if (local_err) {
             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto exit;
         }
     } else {
         adapter_type_enum = BLOCKDEV_VMDK_ADAPTER_TYPE_IDE;
     }
 
     if (!fmt) {
         /* Default format to monolithicSparse */
         subformat = BLOCKDEV_VMDK_SUBFORMAT_MONOLITHICSPARSE;
     } else {
         subformat = qapi_enum_parse(&BlockdevVmdkSubformat_lookup,
                                     fmt,
                                     BLOCKDEV_VMDK_SUBFORMAT_MONOLITHICSPARSE,
                                     &local_err);
         if (local_err) {
             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
             ret = -EINVAL;
             goto exit;
         }
     }
     data = (VMDKCreateOptsData){
         .prefix = prefix,
         .postfix = postfix,
         .path = path,
         .opts = opts,
     };
     ret = vmdk_co_do_create(total_size, subformat, adapter_type_enum,
                             backing_file, hw_version, toolsversion, compat6,
                             zeroed_grain, vmdk_co_create_opts_cb, &data, errp);
 
 exit:
     g_free(backing_fmt);
     g_free(adapter_type);
     g_free(backing_file);
     g_free(hw_version);
     g_free(toolsversion);
     g_free(fmt);
     g_free(desc);
     g_free(path);
     g_free(prefix);
     g_free(postfix);
     g_free(desc_line);
     g_free(ext_filename);
     g_free(desc_filename);
     g_free(parent_desc_line);
     return ret;
 }
 
 static BlockBackend *vmdk_co_create_cb(int64_t size, int idx,
                                        bool flat, bool split, bool compress,
                                        bool zeroed_grain, void *opaque,
                                        Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
     BlockBackend *blk;
     BlockdevCreateOptionsVmdk *opts = opaque;
 
     if (idx == 0) {
         bs = bdrv_open_blockdev_ref(opts->file, errp);
     } else {
         int i;
         BlockdevRefList *list = opts->extents;
         for (i = 1; i < idx; i++) {
             if (!list || !list->next) {
                 error_setg(errp, "Extent [%d] not specified", i);
                 return NULL;
             }
             list = list->next;
         }
         if (!list) {
             error_setg(errp, "Extent [%d] not specified", idx - 1);
             return NULL;
         }
         bs = bdrv_open_blockdev_ref(list->value, errp);
     }
     if (!bs) {
         return NULL;
     }
     blk = blk_new_with_bs(bs,
                           BLK_PERM_CONSISTENT_READ | BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE,
                           BLK_PERM_ALL, errp);
     if (!blk) {
         return NULL;
     }
     blk_set_allow_write_beyond_eof(blk, true);
     bdrv_unref(bs);
 
     if (size != -1) {
         ret = vmdk_init_extent(blk, size, flat, compress, zeroed_grain, errp);
         if (ret) {
             blk_unref(blk);
             blk = NULL;
         }
     }
     return blk;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_create(BlockdevCreateOptions *create_options,
                                        Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     BlockdevCreateOptionsVmdk *opts;
 
     opts = &create_options->u.vmdk;
 
     /* Validate options */
     if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(opts->size, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE)) {
         error_setg(errp, "Image size must be a multiple of 512 bytes");
         ret = -EINVAL;
         goto out;
     }
 
     ret = vmdk_co_do_create(opts->size,
                             opts->subformat,
                             opts->adapter_type,
                             opts->backing_file,
                             opts->hwversion,
                             opts->toolsversion,
                             false,
                             opts->zeroed_grain,
                             vmdk_co_create_cb,
                             opts, errp);
     return ret;
 
 out:
     return ret;
 }
 
 static void vmdk_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
 
     vmdk_free_extents(bs);
     g_free(s->create_type);
 
     migrate_del_blocker(s->migration_blocker);
     error_free(s->migration_blocker);
 }
 
 static int64_t vmdk_get_allocated_file_size(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     int i;
     int64_t ret = 0;
     int64_t r;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
 
     ret = bdrv_get_allocated_file_size(bs->file->bs);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         if (s->extents[i].file == bs->file) {
             continue;
         }
         r = bdrv_get_allocated_file_size(s->extents[i].file->bs);
         if (r < 0) {
             return r;
         }
         ret += r;
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 static int vmdk_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     int i;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
 
     /* If has a flat extent and its underlying storage doesn't have zero init,
      * return 0. */
     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         if (s->extents[i].flat) {
             if (!bdrv_has_zero_init(s->extents[i].file->bs)) {
                 return 0;
             }
         }
     }
     return 1;
 }
 
 static ImageInfo *vmdk_get_extent_info(VmdkExtent *extent)
 {
     ImageInfo *info = g_new0(ImageInfo, 1);
 
     bdrv_refresh_filename(extent->file->bs);
     *info = (ImageInfo){
         .filename         = g_strdup(extent->file->bs->filename),
         .format           = g_strdup(extent->type),
         .virtual_size     = extent->sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
         .compressed       = extent->compressed,
         .has_compressed   = extent->compressed,
         .cluster_size     = extent->cluster_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
         .has_cluster_size = !extent->flat,
     };
 
     return info;
 }
 
 static int coroutine_fn vmdk_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                       BdrvCheckResult *result,
                                       BdrvCheckMode fix)
 {
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     VmdkExtent *extent = NULL;
     int64_t sector_num = 0;
     int64_t total_sectors = bdrv_nb_sectors(bs);
     int ret;
     uint64_t cluster_offset;
 
     if (fix) {
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
 
     for (;;) {
         if (sector_num >= total_sectors) {
             return 0;
         }
         extent = find_extent(s, sector_num, extent);
         if (!extent) {
             fprintf(stderr,
                     "ERROR: could not find extent for sector %" PRId64 "\n",
                     sector_num);
             ret = -EINVAL;
             break;
         }
         ret = get_cluster_offset(bs, extent, NULL,
                                  sector_num << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS,
                                  false, &cluster_offset, 0, 0);
         if (ret == VMDK_ERROR) {
             fprintf(stderr,
                     "ERROR: could not get cluster_offset for sector %"
                     PRId64 "\n", sector_num);
             break;
         }
         if (ret == VMDK_OK) {
             int64_t extent_len = bdrv_getlength(extent->file->bs);
             if (extent_len < 0) {
                 fprintf(stderr,
                         "ERROR: could not get extent file length for sector %"
                         PRId64 "\n", sector_num);
                 ret = extent_len;
                 break;
             }
             if (cluster_offset >= extent_len) {
                 fprintf(stderr,
                         "ERROR: cluster offset for sector %"
                         PRId64 " points after EOF\n", sector_num);
                 ret = -EINVAL;
                 break;
             }
         }
         sector_num += extent->cluster_sectors;
     }
 
     result->corruptions++;
     return ret;
 }
 
 static ImageInfoSpecific *vmdk_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                                  Error **errp)
 {
     int i;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     ImageInfoSpecific *spec_info = g_new0(ImageInfoSpecific, 1);
     ImageInfoList **tail;
 
     *spec_info = (ImageInfoSpecific){
         .type = IMAGE_INFO_SPECIFIC_KIND_VMDK,
         .u = {
             .vmdk.data = g_new0(ImageInfoSpecificVmdk, 1),
         },
     };
 
     *spec_info->u.vmdk.data = (ImageInfoSpecificVmdk) {
         .create_type = g_strdup(s->create_type),
         .cid = s->cid,
         .parent_cid = s->parent_cid,
     };
 
     tail = &spec_info->u.vmdk.data->extents;
     for (i = 0; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         QAPI_LIST_APPEND(tail, vmdk_get_extent_info(&s->extents[i]));
     }
 
     return spec_info;
 }
 
 static bool vmdk_extents_type_eq(const VmdkExtent *a, const VmdkExtent *b)
 {
     return a->flat == b->flat &&
            a->compressed == b->compressed &&
            (a->flat || a->cluster_sectors == b->cluster_sectors);
 }
 
 static int vmdk_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
 {
     int i;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
     assert(s->num_extents);
 
     /* See if we have multiple extents but they have different cases */
     for (i = 1; i < s->num_extents; i++) {
         if (!vmdk_extents_type_eq(&s->extents[0], &s->extents[i])) {
             return -ENOTSUP;
         }
     }
     bdi->needs_compressed_writes = s->extents[0].compressed;
     if (!s->extents[0].flat) {
         bdi->cluster_size = s->extents[0].cluster_sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static void vmdk_gather_child_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *target,
                                       bool backing_overridden)
 {
     /* No children but file and backing can be explicitly specified (TODO) */
     qdict_put(target, "file",
               qobject_ref(bs->file->bs->full_open_options));
 
     if (backing_overridden) {
         if (bs->backing) {
             qdict_put(target, "backing",
                       qobject_ref(bs->backing->bs->full_open_options));
         } else {
             qdict_put_null(target, "backing");
         }
     }
 }
 
 static QemuOptsList vmdk_create_opts = {
     .name = "vmdk-create-opts",
     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vmdk_create_opts.head),
     .desc = {
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
             .help = "Virtual disk size"
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_ADAPTER_TYPE,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "Virtual adapter type, can be one of "
                     "ide (default), lsilogic, buslogic or legacyESX"
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "File name of a base image"
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "Must be 'vmdk' if present",
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT6,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
             .help = "VMDK version 6 image",
             .def_value_str = "off"
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_HWVERSION,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "VMDK hardware version",
             .def_value_str = "undefined"
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_TOOLSVERSION,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "VMware guest tools version",
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_SUBFMT,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help =
                 "VMDK flat extent format, can be one of "
                 "{monolithicSparse (default) | monolithicFlat | twoGbMaxExtentSparse | twoGbMaxExtentFlat | streamOptimized} "
         },
         {
             .name = BLOCK_OPT_ZEROED_GRAIN,
             .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
             .help = "Enable efficient zero writes "
                     "using the zeroed-grain GTE feature"
         },
         { /* end of list */ }
     }
 };
 
 static BlockDriver bdrv_vmdk = {
     .format_name                  = "vmdk",
     .instance_size                = sizeof(BDRVVmdkState),
     .bdrv_probe                   = vmdk_probe,
     .bdrv_open                    = vmdk_open,
     .bdrv_co_check                = vmdk_co_check,
     .bdrv_reopen_prepare          = vmdk_reopen_prepare,
     .bdrv_reopen_commit           = vmdk_reopen_commit,
     .bdrv_reopen_abort            = vmdk_reopen_abort,
     .bdrv_child_perm              = bdrv_default_perms,
     .bdrv_co_preadv               = vmdk_co_preadv,
     .bdrv_co_pwritev              = vmdk_co_pwritev,
     .bdrv_co_pwritev_compressed   = vmdk_co_pwritev_compressed,
     .bdrv_co_pwrite_zeroes        = vmdk_co_pwrite_zeroes,
     .bdrv_close                   = vmdk_close,
     .bdrv_co_create_opts          = vmdk_co_create_opts,
     .bdrv_co_create               = vmdk_co_create,
     .bdrv_co_block_status         = vmdk_co_block_status,
     .bdrv_get_allocated_file_size = vmdk_get_allocated_file_size,
     .bdrv_has_zero_init           = vmdk_has_zero_init,
     .bdrv_get_specific_info       = vmdk_get_specific_info,
     .bdrv_refresh_limits          = vmdk_refresh_limits,
     .bdrv_get_info                = vmdk_get_info,
     .bdrv_gather_child_options    = vmdk_gather_child_options,
 
     .is_format                    = true,
     .supports_backing             = true,
     .create_opts                  = &vmdk_create_opts,
 };
 
 static void bdrv_vmdk_init(void)
 {
     bdrv_register(&bdrv_vmdk);
 }
 
 block_init(bdrv_vmdk_init);